Table 1.
Risk factors for the major rheumatic diseases over the past 10 years
| Disease | Host/Environmental risk factor | Gene |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Diet (caffeine and Mediterranean diet) | PTPN22 |
| Smoking | PADI4 | |
| Hormones | CTLA4 | |
| FCRL3 | ||
| MHC2A | ||
| HLA DRB1 | ||
| Juvenile idiopathic arthritis | Macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) | |
| PTPN22 | ||
| NRAMP1 | ||
| IL-6 | ||
| Psoriatic arthritis | Rubella vaccination | CARD15 |
| Injury requiring medical consultation | MICA | |
| Recurrent oral ulcers | TNF | |
| Moving house | IL | |
| Corticosteroids | ||
| Pregnancy | ||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | ARTS1 | |
| IL-23R | ||
| IL-1 gene cluster | ||
| Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene | ||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | Breast-feeding | MHC |
| Early natural menopause | ITGAM | |
| Lipstick | IRF5 | |
| BLK | ||
| STAT4 | ||
| PTPN22 | ||
| FCGR2A | ||
| Scleroderma | Exposure to silica or organic solvents | Familial risk |
| HLA-DQA1 | ||
| Fibrillin-1 SNP haplotypes | ||
| TGF-β | ||
| CTGF | ||
| Foetal microchimerism | ||
| Osteoarthritis | Obesity/Body mass index | IL-1 gene cluster |
| Physical activity | Frizzled-related protein-3 (FRZB) gene | |
| Grip strength | Matrilin-3 gene | |
| Previous injury | IL-4 receptor | |
| Metalloproteinase gene ADAM12 | ||
| Asporin (ASPN) gene | ||
| Estrogen receptor | ||
| Gout | High purine diet | TNF-α promoter |
| Dairy products | ||
| Hypertension | ||
| Pharmacologic agents | ||
| Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain | Physical trauma | Serotonin transporter gene |
| Somatisation | Familial risk | |
| Health-seeking behaviour | COMT | |
| Poor sleep |
ADAM12, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 12; ARTS1, type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor shedding aminopeptidase regulator; BLK, B lymphoid tyrosine kinase; CARD15, caspase recruitment domain 15; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; FCGR2A, Fc fragment of IgG, low-affinity IIA, receptor (CD32); FCRL3, Fc-receptor like-3; IL, interleukin; IRF5, interferon regulatory factor 5; ITGAM, integrin, alpha M; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MHC2A, major histocompatibility complex 2A; MICA, class I major histocompatibility complex chain-related gene A; NRAMP1, natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1; PADI4, peptidyl arginine; PTPN22, protein tyrosine phosphatase; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; STAT4, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.