Table 3.
Crude and adjusted associations between area characteristics and adverse birth outcomes, singleton births, Québec, Canada, 1999–2003
| Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR* | 95% CI | Adjusted OR† | 95% CI | |
| PTB | ||||||
| Area income | ||||||
| Poorest | 1.13‡ | 1.07–1.20 | 1.06‡ | 1.01–1.12 | 1.05 | 0.98–1.12 |
| Intermediate | 1.08‡ | 1.02–1.14 | 1.04‡ | 0.99–1.10 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.09 |
| Wealthiest | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Immigrant density | ||||||
| Low | 1.07‡ | 1.01–1.14 | 1.11‡ | 1.05–1.17 | 1.10 | 1.02–1.18 |
| Intermediate | 0.99‡ | 0.94–1.06 | 1.03‡ | 0.98–1.08 | 1.04 | 0.97–1.12 |
| High | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Income inequality | ||||||
| High | 0.92 | 0.86–0.98 | 0.96‡ | 0.90–1.01 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.09 |
| Intermediate | 0.94 | 0.89–1.00 | 0.96‡ | 0.91–1.01 | 0.99 | 0.93–1.05 |
| Low | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| SGA birth | ||||||
| Area income | ||||||
| Poorest | 1.21‡ | 1.14–1.29 | 1.09‡ | 1.03–1.14 | 1.09‡ | 1.03–1.15 |
| Intermediate | 1.12‡ | 1.05–1.19 | 1.05‡ | 1.00–1.10 | 1.06‡ | 1.00–1.12 |
| Wealthiest | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Immigrant density | ||||||
| Low | 0.91‡ | 0.85–0.98 | 0.97 | 0.92–1.03 | 0.94‡ | 0.88–1.00 |
| Intermediate | 0.89‡ | 0.83–0.95 | 0.98 | (0.92–1.05) | 0.99‡ | 0.94–1.05 |
| High | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
| Income inequality | ||||||
| High | 0.95 | 0.89–1.02 | 0.96 | 0.90–1.01 | 0.94‡ | 0.88–1.00 |
| Intermediate | 1.00 | 0.93–1.07 | 0.98 | 0.93–1.03 | 0.96‡ | 0.90–1.01 |
| Low | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||
PTB = preterm birth; SGA = small-for-gestational-age
* Adjusted for individual-level variables (maternal age, education, civil status, birth place, and previous births). PTB is also adjusted for infant sex.
† Adjusted for individual-level variables and all variables in table.
‡ Results are for generalised estimating equations. All other results are for multi-level logistic regression models.