TABLE 3.
Average telomere length according to total intake of selected micronutrients with and without adjustment for multivitamin use1
| Model 12 (n = 586) |
Model 23 (n = 581) |
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| Nutrient | Quartile 14 | Quartile 44 | P for trend5 | Quartile 14 | Quartile 44 | P for trend5 |
| Vitamin A (IU) | 49536 | 17,547 | 4927 | 17,547 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5293 ± 106 | 5633 ± 108 | 0.02 | 5356 ± 124 | 5571 ± 124 | 0.3 |
| β-carotene (μg) | 1621 | 7226 | 1613 | 7206 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5336 ± 107 | 5649 ± 106 | 0.03 | 5409 ± 120 | 5605 ± 120 | 0.2 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 63 | 785 | 63 | 794 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5289 ± 107 | 5670 ± 106 | 0.02 | 5318 ± 132 | 5620 ± 121 | 0.2 |
| Vitamin E (α-TE) | 7.6 | 328 | 7.6 | 328 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5324 ± 104 | 5640 ± 111 | 0.1 | 5346 ± 158 | 5590 ± 127 | 0.5 |
| Vitamin B-6 (mg) | 1.2 | 4.9 | 1.2 | 4.9 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5424 ± 107 | 5737 ± 107 | 0.005 | 5604 ± 149 | 5619 ± 140 | 0.5 |
| Vitamin B-12 (μg) | 2.3 | 17 | 2.3 | 17 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5355 ± 104 | 5737 ± 106 | 0.002 | 5442 ± 142 | 5641 ± 127 | 0.1 |
| Folate (μg) | 236 | 867 | 236 | 867 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5336 ± 108 | 5689 ± 107 | 0.01 | 5452 ± 146 | 5516 ± 146 | 0.8 |
| Vitamin D (IU) | 75 | 639 | 75 | 637 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5393 ± 103 | 5564 ± 108 | 0.009 | 5430 ± 134 | 5500 ± 142 | 0.7 |
| Calcium (mg) | 444 | 1906 | 445 | 1906 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5407 ± 106 | 5578 ± 111 | 0.04 | 5454 ± 120 | 5501 ± 126 | 0.4 |
| Selenium (μg) | 61 | 113 | 61 | 113 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5369 ± 103 | 5663 ± 106 | 0.02 | 5446 ± 115 | 5602 ± 123 | 0.3 |
| Iron (mg) | 8.5 | 33 | 8.5 | 33 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5391 ± 107 | 5568 ± 110 | 0.03 | 5459 ± 131 | 5459 ± 135 | 0.97 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 184 | 419 | 184 | 419 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5314 ± 105 | 5659 ± 109 | 0.007 | 5364 ± 126 | 5589 ± 129 | 0.3 |
| Zinc (mg) | 7.1 | 31 | 7.1 | 30 | ||
| Lsmean ± SE | 5332 ± 102 | 5630 ± 106 | 0.008 | 5350 ± 134 | 5560 ± 132 | 0.4 |
Least-squares mean (Lsmean) ± SE values were derived from generalized linear regression models. TE, tocopherol equivalents.
Adjusted for age, race, BMI, education level, cigarette smoking, presence of diabetes or cardiovascular diseases, energy intake, perceived stress level, self-reported health status, and physical activity.
Adjusted as for model 1 and for multivitamin use. Five women with missing data on multivitamin use were not included in model 2.
Each quartile represents ≈25% of the study participants: quartile 1, the lowest 25%, and quartile 4, the highest 25%.
Tested by including the median of each category as a continuous variable in the regression model.
Median (all such values).