TABLE 2.
Adjusted heart rate variability according to intakes of fruit and vegetables by quartile (Q)1
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend | |
| Fruit and vegetables | |||||
| Median (servings/d) | 3.67 | 5.05 | 6.50 | 8.72 | |
| Model 1 [n (total obs)]2 | 146 (218) | 147 (249) | 147 (232) | 146 (229) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 49.1 (1.83) | 47.2 (1.80) | 49.9 (1.89) | 52.1 (1.94) | 0.08 |
| NLF (%)3 | 51.0 (1.83) | 52.8 (1.80) | 49.8 (1.89) | 47.7 (1.94) | 0.06 |
| Model 2 [n (total obs)]4 | 110 (172) | 119 (210) | 122 (200) | 115 (185) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 48.9 (2.08) | 46.6 (1.96) | 49.4 (2.03) | 50.1 (2.14) | 0.38 |
| NLF (%)3 | 51.1 (2.08) | 53.3 (1.96) | 50.5 (2.03) | 49.6 (2.14) | 0.33 |
| Fruit | |||||
| Median (servings/d) | 1.33 | 2.11 | 2.85 | 3.98 | |
| Model 1 [n (total obs)]2 | 146 (235) | 147 (229) | 147 (232) | 146 (232) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 47.8 (1.81) | 49.8 (1.85) | 50.6 (1.89) | 49.5 (1.95) | 0.38 |
| NLF (%)3 | 52.2 (1.81) | 50.2 (1.85) | 49.4 (1.89) | 50.2 (1.95) | 0.36 |
| Model 2 [n (total obs)]4 | 114 (194) | 115 (182) | 121 (201) | 116 (190) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 47.2 (2.03) | 48.8 (2.02) | 49.6 (2.05) | 49.2 (2.13) | 0.39 |
| NLF (%)3 | 52.7 (2.02) | 51.2 (2.02) | 50.4 (2.04) | 50.5 (2.13) | 0.34 |
| Vegetables | |||||
| Median (servings/d) | 1.89 | 2.75 | 3.65 | 5.20 | |
| Model 1 [n (total obs)]2 | 146 (229) | 147 (232) | 147 (236) | 146 (231) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 47.9 (1.82) | 48.6 (1.83) | 50.9 (1.88) | 50.5 (1.91) | 0.13 |
| NLF (%)3 | 52.2 (1.82) | 51.3 (1.83) | 49.0 (1.88) | 49.2 (1.91) | 0.10 |
| Model 2 [n (total obs)]4 | 117 (192) | 117 (194) | 112 (186) | 120 (195) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 47.1 (2.00) | 48.5 (2.02) | 50.7 (2.06) | 48.3 (2.07) | 0.44 |
| NLF (%)3 | 52.9 (2.00) | 51.4 (2.02) | 49.1 (2.05) | 51.5 (2.07) | 0.38 |
| Noncitrus fruit | |||||
| Median (servings/d) | 0.50 | 1.08 | 1.62 | 2.39 | |
| Model 1 [n (total obs)]2 | 146 (225) | 147 (234) | 147 (246) | 146 (223) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 48.3 (1.78) | 46.9 (1.86) | 51.6 (1.86) | 51.2 (1.96) | 0.05 |
| NLF (%)3 | 51.6 (1.78) | 53.0 (1.86) | 48.5 (1.87) | 48.6 (1.96) | 0.05 |
| Model 2 [n (total obs)]4 | 113 (183) | 117 (190) | 118 (205) | 118 (189) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 47.9 (1.99) | 46.1 (2.03) | 51.2 (2.03) | 49.8 (2.13) | 0.17 |
| NLF (%)3 | 52.0 (1.99) | 53.8 (2.03) | 48.9 (2.03) | 50.0 (2.12) | 0.17 |
| Citrus fruit | |||||
| Median (servings/d) | 0.35 | 0.79 | 1.13 | 1.60 | |
| Model 1 [n (total obs)]2 | 146 (231) | 147 (233) | 147 (230) | 146 (234) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 48.5 (1.86) | 49.8 (1.83) | 49.6 (1.86) | 49.2 (1.93) | 0.81 |
| NLF (%)3 | 51.4 (1.86) | 50.0 (1.83) | 50.5 (1.86) | 50.4 (1.93) | 0.71 |
| Model 2 [n (total obs)]4 | 109 (185) | 119 (197) | 119 (188) | 119 (197) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 46.8 (2.08) | 49.0 (1.98) | 50.2 (2.04) | 48.2 (2.10) | 0.48 |
| NLF (%)3 | 53.3 (2.07) | 50.8 (1.97) | 49.8 (2.03) | 51.5 (2.09) | 0.42 |
| Cruciferous vegetables | |||||
| Median (servings/d) | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 0.62 | |
| Model 1 [n (total obs)]2 | 146 (236) | 147 (242) | 147 (222) | 146 (228) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 48.8 (1.87) | 48.0 (1.81) | 51.5 (1.83) | 48.8 (1.92) | 0.61 |
| NLF (%)3 | 51.2 (1.87) | 52.0 (1.81) | 48.4 (1.83) | 51.0 (1.92) | 0.55 |
| Model 2 [n (total obs)]4 | 123 (207) | 114 (194) | 113 (179) | 116 (187) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 48.9 (1.99) | 47.1 (1.99) | 51.6 (2.06) | 47.0 (2.09) | 0.86 |
| NLF (%)3 | 51.1 (1.99) | 52.8 (1.99) | 48.3 (2.05) | 52.9 (2.08) | 0.91 |
| Green leafy vegetables | |||||
| Median (servings/d) | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.56 | |
| Model 1 [n (total obs)]2 | 146 (232) | 147 (225) | 147 (233) | 146 (238) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 46.5 (1.86) | 48.0 (1.82) | 51.7 (1.84)5 | 51.2 (1.88)5 | 0.008 |
| NLF (%)5 | 53.6 (1.86) | 51.8 (1.82) | 48.1 (1.84)5 | 48.7 (1.88)5 | 0.007 |
| Model 2 [n (total obs)]4 | 110 (188) | 114 (179) | 123 (201) | 119 (199) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 45.9 (2.04) | 47.7 (2.04) | 50.7 (1.99)5 | 50.1 (2.05)6 | 0.04 |
| NLF (%)3 | 54.1 (2.03) | 52.1 (2.04) | 49.2 (1.99)5 | 49.7 (2.05)6 | 0.03 |
| Vitamin C | |||||
| Median (mg/d) | 112 | 189 | 302 | 713 | |
| Model 1 [n (total obs)]2 | 141 (222) | 141 (228) | 142 (222) | 141 (230) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 47.0 (1.90) | 49.5 (1.86) | 50.8 (1.91)6 | 48.5 (1.87) | 0.42 |
| NLF (%)3 | 52.9 (1.90) | 50.5 (1.86) | 49.1 (1.91)6 | 51.4 (1.87) | 0.42 |
| Model 2 [n (total obs)]4 | 113 (188) | 119 (197) | 118 (189) | 116 (193) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 46.6 (2.23) | 48.8 (1.99) | 50.6 (2.14) | 48.5 (2.03) | 0.48 |
| NLF (%)3 | 53.3 (2.22) | 51.1 (1.98) | 49.3 (2.13) | 51.5 (2.03) | 0.49 |
| Carotenoids | |||||
| Median (IU/d) | 3845 | 6815 | 9703 | 14277 | |
| Model 1 [n (total obs)]2 | 141 (225) | 141 (217) | 142 (242) | 141 (218) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 47.9 (1.82) | 48.7 (1.90) | 50.8 (1.90) | 48.7 (1.94) | 0.50 |
| NLF (%)3 | 52.1 (1.82) | 51.3 (1.90) | 49.1 (1.90) | 51.1 (1.94) | 0.44 |
| Model 2 [n (total obs)]4 | 116 (193) | 110 (175) | 117 (203) | 123 (196) | |
| NHF (%)3 | 47.9 (2.02) | 47.6 (2.08) | 50.7 (2.05) | 48.5 (2.06) | 0.53 |
| NLF (%)3 | 52.1 (2.02) | 52.3 (2.07) | 49.2 (2.04) | 51.4 (2.05) | 0.49 |
1
Each dietary intake was adjusted first for energy and then was categorized into quartiles (residual method). NHF, normalized high-frequency power; NLF, normalized low-frequency power; obs, observations.
2
Adjusted for age, BMI, fasting blood glucose, mean arterial pressure, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, use of β-blockers, use of calcium channel blockers, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
3
Values are adjusted means; SEs in parentheses.
4
As in model 1 with additional adjustment for use of multivitamins and physical activity.
5,6
Significantly different from subjects in quartile 1: 5P < 0.05, 6P < 0.1.