Fig. 2.

a, b, and c: Construct stiffness and strength were evaluated under three loading conditions: axial compression (a), torsion (b), and four-point bending in a gap-closing direction (c). Motion-tracking sensors (S) captured subsidence (d_s). d: A progressive dynamic loading protocol was used to ensure that construct failure was attained for each construct and loading mode within a reasonable number of load cycles (<10,000 cycles). After application of a static pre-load (L_PRE), dynamic loading (L_DYN) was applied and was increased until constructs failed at peak load L_MAX.