Fig. 4.

Observations of thiamine deficiency in the common eider (Somateria mollissima). (A) Yolk T concentration was 58% lower in the Baltic Sea area (regions D and F–I in Fig. 1) than in Iceland (region A in Fig. 1). (B) Liver TK activity in pulli was 32% lower in the County of Stockholm (region F in Fig. 1) than in Iceland (region A in Fig. 1). (C) Liver TK latency (i.e., the proportion of apoenzyme) in pulli was significantly higher in the County of Stockholm (region F in Fig. 1) than in Iceland (region A in Fig. 1). (D) Relationship between liver KGDH activity and latency in pulli. Extrapolation to 4.0% latency, assumed to be normal in healthy individuals, yielded an activity of 31.9 nmol/min per mg protein. (E) Brain TK activity in pulli was 7% and 26% lower in the County of Stockholm (region F in Fig. 1) and the County of Blekinge (region I in Fig. 1), respectively, than in Iceland (region A in Fig. 1). (F) Brain TK latency in pulli was significantly higher in the County of Blekinge (region I in Fig. 1) than in Iceland (region A in fig. 1). (G) Relationship between brain KGDH activity and latency in pulli. Extrapolation to 3.8% latency, assumed to be normal in healthy individuals, yielded an activity of 11.9 nmol/min per mg protein. (H) Brain thiamine concentrations in pulli. TMP, TDP, and SumT concentrations were 41%, 27%, and 28% lower, respectively, in Sweden (regions F and I in Fig. 1) than in Iceland (region A in Fig. 1). Error bars (A–C, E, F, and H) indicate 95% CI of the mean (A and H) or median (B, C, E, and F). P-values are given only when significant. n = number of clutches. Blue, Iceland and red, Baltic Sea area.