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. 2009 Jul 2;106(29):12013–12018. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901468106

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Examples of potential fossils produced by virtual taphonomy. (A–C) Paramapania radians (Cyperaceae), digital renderings of fruit. (A) Entire fruit. (B) Fruit with part of mesocarp virtually removed to show endocarp. (C) Endocarp with shrunken seed and basal plug visible. (D–L) Stephania japonica (Menispermaceae), digital renderings of fruit seen in section in Fig. 2. (D) External side view of fruit. (E) Side view of endocarp; note central hole (condyle), prominent rugose dorsal surface. (F) Virtual potential fossil of endocarp locule cast; note dorsal surface smooth except for small bumps. (G) Seed. (H) Dorsal edge of fruit showing 4 ranks of spines. (I) Dorsal edge of endocarp showing 4 ranks of spines and central small ridge. (K) Dorsal edge of locule cast showing central 2 ranks appearing united into single dorsal ridge. (L) Dorsal edge of seed with similar morphology to locule cast. (Scale bar: A–C, 815 μm; D–G, 3.1 mm; H–L, 2.9 mm.)