TABLE 1.
Activities of besifloxacin and comparators against gram-positive bacteria
| Species or bacterial group (no. of isolates and phenotypea) and test drug | MIC (μg/ml)b
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | 50% | 90% | %Sc | |
| Enterococcus faecalis (n = 130; 20.0% VRE) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | ≤0.03-8 | 0.12 | 2 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | ≤0.03-32 | 0.25 | 16 | NA |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.12->128 | 1 | 64 | 58.5 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.12-128 | 1 | 64 | 58.5 |
| Azithromycin | 0.25->128 | >128 | >128 | NA |
| Tobramycin | 2->128 | 16 | >128 | NA |
| Vancomycin | ≤0.5->32 | 1 | >32 | 80.0 |
| Enterococcus faecium (n = 110; 12.7% VRE) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.06-32 | 2 | 8 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.12-64 | 16 | 64 | NA |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.25->128 | 64 | >128 | 18.2 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.25->128 | 32 | 128 | 30.9 |
| Azithromycin | 0.06->128 | >128 | >128 | NA |
| Tobramycin | 2->128 | >128 | >128 | NA |
| Vancomycin | ≤0.5->32 | ≤0.5 | >32 | 87.3 |
| Listeria monocytogenes (n = 25) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.06-0.25 | 0.12 | 0.12 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.12-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | NA |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.25-1 | 1 | 1 | NA |
| Levofloxacin | 0.25-2 | 0.5 | 1 | NA |
| Azithromycin | 0.25-1 | 0.5 | 1 | NA |
| Tobramycin | ≤0.06-0.25 | 0.12 | 0.12 | NA |
| Penicillin | ≤0.06-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 100.0 |
| Staphylococcus aureus (n = 19; CIP-S; 21.1% MRSA) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-0.25 | 0.015 | 0.12 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.015-0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 100.0 |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.03-1 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 94.7 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.12-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 100.0 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.06-2 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 94.7 |
| Azithromycin | 0.5->8 | 1 | >8 | 68.4 |
| Tobramycin | 0.12-8 | 0.5 | 1 | 94.7 |
| Oxacillin | 0.12->8 | 0.25 | >8 | 78.9 |
| Staphylococcus aureus (n = 11; CIP-NS; 63.6% MRSA) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.03-4 | 0.5 | 4 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.06->8 | 4 | >8 | 9.1 |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.12->8 | 4 | >8 | 9.1 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 2->8 | >8 | >8 | 0.0 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.25->8 | >8 | >8 | 18.2 |
| Azithromycin | 0.5->8 | >8 | >8 | 27.3 |
| Tobramycin | 0.25->32 | 1 | >32 | 54.5 |
| Oxacillin | 0.12->8 | >8 | >8 | 36.4 |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 9; CIP-S; 44.4% MRSE) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-0.03 | 0.03 | NA | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03-0.06 | 0.06 | NA | 100.0 |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.06-0.06 | 0.06 | NA | 100.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.12-0.12 | 0.12 | NA | 100.0 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.12-0.12 | 0.12 | NA | 100.0 |
| Azithromycin | 0.25->8 | >8 | NA | 33.3 |
| Tobramycin | ≤0.008-8 | 0.03 | NA | 88.9 |
| Oxacillin | ≤0.06-2 | 0.12 | NA | 55.6 |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 6; CIP-NS; 83.3% MRSE) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.25-4 | 0.25 | NA | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 1->8 | 2 | NA | 0.0 |
| Gatifloxacin | 1->8 | 1 | NA | 0.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 2->8 | >8 | NA | 0.0 |
| Levofloxacin | 2->8 | 8 | NA | 0.0 |
| Azithromycin | 0.12->8 | >8 | NA | 16.7 |
| Tobramycin | 0.06-16 | 2 | NA | 83.3 |
| Oxacillin | 0.12-4 | 1 | NA | 16.7 |
| Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n = 101) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-4 | 0.5 | 1 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.015->8 | 1 | 8 | 39.6 |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.03->8 | 2 | 8 | 40.6 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.06->8 | >8 | >8 | 37.6 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.06->8 | 4 | >8 | 39.6 |
| Azithromycin | 0.25->8 | >8 | >8 | 26.7 |
| Tobramycin | 0.015->32 | 2 | 32 | 64.4 |
| Oxacillin | ≤0.06->8 | >8 | >8 | 31.7 |
| Staphylococcus hominis (n = 50) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-2 | 0.25 | 1 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03->8 | 1 | 4 | 34.0 |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.03->8 | 1 | 4 | 32.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.06->8 | 8 | >8 | 30.0 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.06->8 | 8 | >8 | 30.0 |
| Azithromycin | 0.12->8 | >8 | >8 | 16.0 |
| Tobramycin | 0.015->32 | 16 | 32 | 32.0 |
| Oxacillin | ≤0.06->8 | >8 | >8 | 16.0 |
| Staphylococcus lugdunensis (n = 15) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-2 | 0.06 | 0.5 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03->8 | 0.12 | 2 | 73.3 |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.03-8 | 0.12 | 2 | 73.3 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.06->8 | 0.12 | >8 | 66.7 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.06->8 | 0.25 | >8 | 66.7 |
| Azithromycin | 0.25->8 | >8 | >8 | 46.7 |
| Tobramycin | 0.03->32 | 0.12 | 32 | 60.0 |
| Oxacillin | ≤0.06->8 | 0.5 | >8 | 60.0 |
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 101) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-0.25 | 0.06 | 0.12 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03-0.25 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 100.0 |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.03-0.25 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 100.0 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.06-0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 100.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.06-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 100.0 |
| Azithromycin | 0.12->8 | 1 | >8 | 54.5 |
| Tobramycin | ≤0.008-32 | 0.015 | 0.06 | 99.0 |
| Oxacillin | ≤0.06->8 | 0.5 | 1 | 9.9 |
| Staphylococcus warneri (n = 50) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-2 | 0.06 | 1 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.015->8 | 0.06 | 4 | 76.0 |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.03->8 | 0.12 | 4 | 76.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.06->8 | 0.25 | >8 | 74.0 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.06->8 | 0.12 | >8 | 76.0 |
| Azithromycin | 0.12->8 | >8 | >8 | 34.0 |
| Tobramycin | 0.015->32 | 0.06 | 8 | 86.0 |
| Oxacillin | ≤0.06->8 | 0.5 | >8 | 46.0 |
| Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 100) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.03-0.12 | 0.06 | 0.06 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.06-1 | 0.12 | 0.25 | NA |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.12-1 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 100.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.5-8 | 0.5 | 1 | NA |
| Levofloxacin | 0.25-4 | 0.5 | 1 | 98.0 |
| Azithromycin | 0.015->8 | 0.06 | >8 | 73.0 |
| Tobramycin | 8->128 | 32 | 64 | NA |
| Penicillin | ≤0.015-0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 100.0 |
| Lancefield group C, F, and G streptococci (n = 50) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03-1 | 0.12 | 0.12 | NA |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.06-2 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 98.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.12->8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | NA |
| Levofloxacin | 0.12-8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 98.0 |
| Azithromycin | 0.008->8 | 0.06 | >8 | 74.0 |
| Tobramycin | 2-32 | 8 | 16 | NA |
| Penicillin | ≤0.015-0.06 | ≤0.015 | 0.06 | 100.0 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 16; LVX-S) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03-1 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 100.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.12-8 | 0.5 | 2 | 93.8 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.25-2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 100 |
| Azithromycin | ≤0.03->64 | 0.06 | >64 | 62.5 |
| Tobramycin | 4-32 | 8 | 16 | NA |
| Penicillin | ≤0.06-2 | ≤0.06 | 0.5 | 100.0 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 85; LVX-NS) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.008-1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.25-8 | 2 | 4 | 16.5 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 1-64 | 32 | 64 | 1.2 |
| Levofloxacin | 4-32 | 16 | 16 | 0 |
| Azithromycin | ≤0.03->64 | 4 | >64 | 36.5 |
| Tobramycin | 1-32 | 8 | 16 | NA |
| Penicillin | ≤0.06-2 | 0.12 | 2 | 100.0 |
| Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 101) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.03-0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.06-0.5 | 0.12 | 0.25 | NA |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.06-0.5 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 100.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.12-2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | NA |
| Levofloxacin | 0.25-2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 100.0 |
| Azithromycin | 0.03->8 | 0.06 | 8 | 85.1 |
| Tobramycin | 4-64 | 16 | 16 | NA |
| Penicillin | ≤0.015-0.06 | ≤0.015 | ≤0.015 | 100.0 |
| Viridans streptococcid (n = 156) | ||||
| Besifloxacin | 0.015-2 | 0.06 | 0.12 | NA |
| Moxifloxacin | 0.03-4 | 0.12 | 0.25 | NA |
| Gatifloxacin | 0.03-8 | 0.25 | 0.5 | NA |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.12->8 | 1 | 4 | NA |
| Levofloxacin | 0.12->8 | 1 | 1 | 95.5 |
| Azithromycin | 0.008->8 | 0.06 | >8 | 53.2 |
| Tobramycin | 0.5-128 | 16 | 32 | NA |
| Penicillin | ≤0.015->4 | 0.06 | 1 | 76.3 |
a
VRE, vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant enterococci; MRSE, methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis; CIP-S, ciprofloxacin susceptible; CIP-NS, non-ciprofloxacin susceptible; LVX-S, levofloxacin susceptible; LVX-NS, non-levofloxacin susceptible.
b
NA, not applicable.
c
Percentage of susceptible isolates (9); breakpoints have not been defined for all agent-species combinations.
d
The viridans streptococcal group consisted of 2 Streptococcus anginosus, 13 S. bovis, 7 S. constellatus, 28 S. intermedius, 51 S. mitis, 22 S. oralis, 2 S. salivarius, 17 S. sanguinis, and 14 other viridans group isolates.