. 2009 Jul 21;30(4):625–642. doi: 10.1007/s10764-009-9364-z

Table II.

Comparative data of male stumptail macaques (this study; natural but provisioned conditions), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta; captive, 83% females), and stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides; captive, 86% females), used in Fig. 4

	Rhesus (Rh)		Stumptail males (StM)		Stumptails (St)
	N	Mean ± SD	N	Mean ± SD	N	Mean ± SD
Approach rate (per h)	24	9.73 ± 4.87^a	9	1.25 ± 0.45	14	18.01 ± 6.47^a
Grooming duration (%)	24	7.2 ± 3.2^a	9	0.62 ± 0.75	14	18.5 ± 10.2^a
Threat rate (per h)	24	1.36 ± 0.69^a	9	0.42 ± 0.19	14	3.47 ± 1.56^a
Attack rate (per h)	24	0.41 ± 0.23^a	9	0.09 ± 0.13	14	0.38 ± 0.31^a
% of severe conflicts	24	23.16^a,b	9	17.65	14	9.87^a,b
Predictability of aggression direction (%)		~96.9^a	69	92.8	534	91^a
Counteraggression (%)	24	8.9 ± 11.7^a	8	23.5 ± 15.7	14	18.6 ± 10.8^a

^ade Waal and Luttrell (1989): Data refer to all partners (kin and nonkin), and in the case of rhesus to the natural group. Approach frequency and conciliatory tendency concern adult-adult interactions only; all other measures concern behavior toward individuals 1.5 yr of age or older. Group composition: rhesus macaques: 4 adult males (≥5 yr), 20 adult females (≥4 yr); total group size ranged between 51 and 62 individuals. Stumptail macaques: 2 adult males, 12 adult females, total group size: 21 individuals

^bCalculated from data reported in the literature as the percentage of aggression at the attack level