Fig. 1.

The molecular pathways affecting energy homeostasis. Depicted are candidate genes focused on hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. The location of neurons in the hypothalamus and brainstem, and cells in the stomach and adipose tissue expressing various genes involved in energy homeostasis are demonstrated with interactions between cells shown with arrows. Nuclei in the hypothalamus include the arcuate nucleus (ARC), ventral medial nucleus (VMN), dormal medial nucleus (DMN), paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Brainstem regions shown include the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). BBB = blood brain barrier. The figure is modified from [10,11,12,13].