Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Opioid Problem, Pain and Mental Health Symptom Variables
| Factor | Most Likely Class | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item, paraphrased | Typical (n = 580) | Addictive Behaviors (n=82) | Pain Dysfunction (n=42) | p-value omnibus test |
| Addictive Behaviors (yes/no) | % | % | % | |
| Ever bought opioids on the street | 1 | 7 | 5 | <0.001 |
| Doctor ever refused Rx due to abuse concern | 5 | 17 | 10 | <0.001 |
| You have been treated for any AOD problem | 12 | 23 | 14 | 0.022 |
| You had any AOD problem | 17 | 32 | 19 | 0.009 |
| Ever borrowed opioid medicines | 9 | 20 | 10 | 0.018 |
| Used for other symptoms e.g. sleep, anxiety | 12 | 17 | 14 | 0.366 |
| Requested early refill | 19 | 29 | 31 | 0.029 |
| Used alcohol for pain | 6 | 5 | 7 | 0.845 |
|
| ||||
| Addictive Concerns (yes/no) | % | % | % | |
| You think you might be addicted to opioids | 1 | 74 | 90 | <0.001 |
| Family concerned about your being addicted to opioids | 0 | 29 | 55 | <0.001 |
| Doctor said you were addicted to opioids | 0 | 26 | 52 | <0.001 |
| Lost opioid meds and needed replaced | 13 | 18 | 31 | 0.005 |
|
| ||||
| Pain Treatment Problems (yes/no) | % | % | % | |
| Angry or mistrustful of doctor | 14 | 30 | 24 | <0.001 |
| Pain been inadequately treated past 90 days | 30 | 33 | 29 | 0.858 |
| Increase amount opioids used past 90 days | 22 | 24 | 10 | 0.133 |
| Doctor ever refused Rx opioids due to abuse concern | 5 | 17 | 10 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Opioid Abuse and Dependence (yes/no) | % | % | % | |
| Lifetime problems with family/friends, work, cops | 3 | 15 | 12 | <0.001 |
| Withdrawal symptoms | 34 | 79 | 62 | <0.001 |
| Ever used opioids larger amounts, longer time | 4 | 18 | 17 | <0.001 |
| Spent a lot of time using/getting opioids | 4 | 21 | 10 | <0.001 |
| Use despite psych/med consequences | 7 | 21 | 17 | <0.001 |
| Wanted to stop or cut down | 49 | 85 | 64 | <0.001 |
| Reduced important activities to get or use | 2 | 7 | 5 | 0.007 |
| Lifetime interference opioids work, job, home | 8 | 22 | 19 | <0.001 |
| Need more opioids to get same effect | 34 | 63 | 55 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Pain Intensity and Interference (0–10 scale) | mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | |
| How much pain interfered with ability to work | 5.2 (2.9) | 5.2 (2.7) | 6.6 (2.1) | 0.185 |
| How much pain interfered with social/family activities | 5.5 (3.0) | 5.5 (3.0) | 7.2 (2.6) | 0.571 |
| How much pain interfered with daily activities | 5.3 (2.6) | 5.0 (2.6) | 6.5 (2.2) | 0.571 |
| Rate your pain right now | 4.5 (2.5) | 4.6 (2.3) | 5.4 (2.2) | 0.350 |
| Intensity of usual pain | 5.4 (2.0) | 5.2 (1.9) | 5.8 (1.9) | 0.031 |
| Intensity of worst pain | 8.5 (1.5) | 8.6 (1.4) | 9.0 (1.2) | 0.223 |
|
| ||||
| Anxiety (1–4 scale not at all-nearly daily ) | mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | |
| Nervous, anxious, on edge, or worrying a lot | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.1) | 0.007 |
| Getting tired very easily past 4 wks | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.2) | 0.967 |
| Trouble concentrating on things | 1.6 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.1) | 0.050 |
| Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep | 2.4 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.3) | 0.167 |
| Becoming easily annoyed or irritable | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.1) | 0.004 |
| Muscle tension, aches, or soreness | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.2) | 0.574 |
| Feeling restless so that it is hard to sit still | 1.6 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.8 (0.9) | 0.003 |
|
| ||||
| Depression (1–4 scale not at all-nearly daily ) | mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | |
| Little interest or pleasure in doing things | 0.7 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.004 |
| Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.034 |