Figure 3).

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) synthesis induced by ischemia reperfusion and hypoxia in cardiomyocytes, and the mechanism of pentoxifylline’s (PTXF’s) anti-TNF-α effect. (−) Inhibit; ? Controversial; cAMP Cyclic AMP; ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinases; IκB-NFκB Inhibit kappa B-nuclear factor kappa B; LPA Lysophosphatidic acid; LPAAT Lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase; P38 MAPK P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; PA Phosphatidic acid; PDE Phosphodiesterase; PKA Protein kinase A; TACE TNF-α converting enzyme