Table 4.
Associations between pollutant exposure and cardiovascular disease in men
| 1994 | 1998 | 2003 | Combined estimate* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % increase (95% CI) | n | % increase (95% CI) | n | % increase (95% CI) | n | % increase (95% CI) | ||
| PM10 | Crude | 3073 | -1.79 | 3427 | -1.32 | 3331 | 8.24 | ||
| (-5.78, 2.36) | (-5.60, 3.15) | (2.95, 13.81) | |||||||
| Adjusted | 2823 | 1.46 | 3034 | 0.16 | 2913 | 9.22 | 8770 | 2.88 | |
| (-3.55, 6.73) | (-6.10, 6.84) | (1.72, 17.26) | (-0.64, 6.51) | ||||||
| NO2 | Crude | 3073 | -0.54 | 3427 | -0.18 | 3331 | 2.53 | ||
| (-1.45, 0.37) | (-1.23, 0.88) | (1.25, 3.82) | |||||||
| Adjusted | 2823 | -0.21 | 3034 | -0.08 | 2913 | 2.24 | 8770 | 0.37 | |
| (-1.45, 1.04) | (-1.47, 1.33) | (0.47, 4.03) | (-0.45, 1.20) | ||||||
| SO2 | Crude | 3073 | -1.27 | 3427 | 1.12 | 3343 | 5.09 | ||
| (-2.83, 0.33) | (-0.75, 3.02) | (0.51, 9.88) | |||||||
| Adjusted | 2823 | -2.33 | 3034 | 0.42 | 2924 | 1.47 | 8781 | -0.97 | |
| (-4.35, -0.27) | (-1.94, 2.83) | (-4.43, 7.74) | (-2.47, 0.54) | ||||||
| O3 | Crude | 3042 | 0.85 | 3405 | 0.62 | 3313 | -2.33 | ||
| (-1.30, 3.03) | (-2.04, 3.35) | (-5.30, 0.74) | |||||||
| Adjusted | 2785 | 0.35 | 3012 | 3.45 | 2903 | -4.12 | 8700 | 0.33 | |
| (-2.64, 3.43) | (-0.50, 7.56) | (-8.55, 0.51) | (-1.79, 2.49) | ||||||
Estimates are % increase in odds of cardiovascular disease with 1 μg m-3 increase in pollutant concentration
Adjusted estimates are adjusted for age (10 year age groups), social class of head of household (6 groups), body mass index (quartiles), cigarette smoking (never, ex-, current, and region of residence (8 groups), all as categorical variables
*Combined estimate is derived from a fixed effects meta-analysis of year-specific estimates using inverse variance weighting.