Table 5.
Associations between pollutant exposure and cardiovascular disease in women
| 1994 | 1998 | 2003 | Combined estimate* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % increase (95% CI) | n | % increase (95% CI) | n | % increase (95% CI) | n | % increase (95% CI) | ||
| PM10 | Crude | 3904 | 1.63 | 4202 | -0.89 | 4182 | 6.47 | ||
| (-2.52, 5.96) | (-5.26, 3.67) | (1.09, 12.15) | |||||||
| Adjusted | 3385 | 1.02 | 3596 | -2.91 | 3469 | 8.63 | 10440 | 1.61 | |
| (-4.14, 6.47) | (-9.62, 4.30) | (0.58, 17.32) | (-2.10, 5.45) | ||||||
| NO2 | Crude | 3904 | 0.12 | 4202 | 0.34 | 4182 | 1.78 | ||
| (-0.79, 1.04) | (-0.75, 1.44) | (0.44, 3.13) | |||||||
| Adjusted | 3385 | -0.10 | 3596 | -0.27 | 3469 | 1.55 | 10440 | 0.18 | |
| (-1.35, 1.16) | (-1.83, 1.31) | (-0.39, 3.53) | (-0.69, 1.07) | ||||||
| SO2 | Crude | 3904 | 0.30 | 4202 | 2.01 | 4197 | 10.46 | ||
| (-1.24, 1.86) | (0.16, 3.90) | (5.72, 15.40) | |||||||
| Adjusted | 3385 | -0.34 | 3596 | 1.32 | 3482 | 8.35 | 10463 | 0.80 | |
| (2.34, 1.70) | (-1.22, 3.92) | (1.98, 15.12) | (-0.73, 2.36) | ||||||
| O3 | Crude | 3851 | -0.60 | 4169 | -0.04 | 4153 | -3.21 | ||
| (-2.76, 1.60) | (-2.79, 2.79) | (-6.20, -0.12) | |||||||
| Adjusted | 3333 | 0.51 | 3568 | 1.55 | 3453 | 0.23 | 10354 | 0.74 | |
| (-2.64, 3.75) | (-2.72, 6.00) | (-4.70, 5.43) | (-1.53, 3.07) | ||||||
Estimates are % increase in odds of cardiovascular disease with 1 μg m-3 increase in pollutant concentration
Adjusted estimates are adjusted for age (10 year age groups), social class of head of household (6 groups), body mass index (quartiles), cigarette smoking (never, ex-, current, and region of residence (8 groups), all as categorical variables
*Combined estimate is derived from a fixed effects meta-analysis of year-specific estimates using inverse variance weighting.