Table 1.
Description of Baseline Characteristics Overall and According to Quintiles of Serum Retinol 1
| Characteristic | Quintile of Serum Retinol |
Overall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| Controls, n | 168 | 169 | 168 | 169 | 168 | 842 |
| Quintile range (ug/dl) | 27.4–54.7 | 54.8–64.3 | 64.4–72.8 | 72.9–85.3 | 85.4–262.6 | 27.4–262.6 |
| Mean age at study entry, years (SD) | 65.1 (0.4) | 64.6 (0.4) | 64.5 (0.4) | 64.6 (0.4) | 64.8 (0.4) | 64.7 (0.2) |
| Average no. of screens/yr 2 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.96 |
| Family history of prostate cancer, % | 5.6 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 5.3 |
| History of diabetes, % | 11.2 | 10.6 | 6.9 | 8.2 | 5.8 | 8.3 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/l (SD) | 5.4 (0.1) | 5.7 (0.1) | 5.7 (0.1) | 6.2 (0.1) | 7.8 (0.1) | 6.1 (0.1) |
| Mean current BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 27.8 (0.3) | 27.9 (0.3) | 27.3 (0.3) | 26.9 (0.3) | 26.9 (0.3) | 27.3 (0.1) |
| Smoking history, % | ||||||
| Never | 34.3 | 25.0 | 27.1 | 27.8 | 30.7 | 30.0 |
| Current | 8.8 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 9.4 | 9.1 |
| Former | 46.7 | 52.8 | 46.1 | 56.9 | 51.6 | 51.5 |
| Pipe/Cigar | 8.7 | 11.6 | 15.9 | 4.9 | 6.8 | 9.4 |
| Mean physical activity, hours/week (SD) | 2.7 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.1) | 3.2 (0.1) | 3.1 (0.1) | 2.9 (0.1) |
| Aspirin use, ≥1 times/week % | 42.6 | 46.4 | 44.9 | 52.0 | 53.7 | 47.6 |
| Mean intake (SD) | ||||||
| Energy, kcal/day | 2361 (73) | 2333 (72) | 2439 (73) | 2284 (73) | 2350 (72) | 2347 (32) |
| Total fat, g/day | 82.0 (1.3) | 81.7 (1.3) | 79.4 (1.4) | 77.2 (1.3) | 78.0 (1.3) | 79.2 (1.4) |
| Fruit, servings/2000 kcal/day | 3.2 (0.2) | 3.4 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.4 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.1) |
| Vegetables, servings/2000 kcal/day | 5.5 (0.2) | 5.2 (0.2) | 5.5 (0.2) | 5.5 (0.2) | 5.4 (0.2) | 5.5 (0.1) |
| Red meat, g/day | 114.8 (4.5) | 100.5 (4.5) | 101.4 (4.5) | 95.7 (4.5) | 96.0 (4.5) | 97.7 (2.6) |
| PHIP, ng/day | 236 (43) | 228 (43) | 226 (43) | 243 (43) | 284 (43) | 220 (19) |
| Calcium, mg/day | 1125 (35) | 1160 (35) | 1132 (35) | 1215 (35) | 1184 (35) | 1166 (21) |
| Vitamin D, IU/day | 350 (25) | 428 (25) | 406 (25) | 448 (25) | 463 (25) | 420 (12) |
| Supplement vitamin E use, % ever 3 | 36.5 | 46.1 | 49.8 | 56.7 | 58.9 | 48.6 |
| Alcohol % | ||||||
| >=0 and <3 g/d | 50.2 | 50.0 | 46.2 | 38.3 | 39.6 | 45.7 |
| >=3 and <15g/d | 22.1 | 28.2 | 23.2 | 19.6 | 18.0 | 21.5 |
| >=15g/d | 27.7 | 21.6 | 31.0 | 41.9 | 42.5 | 32.8 |
1
All values other than age were directly standardized for age. Intakes of total fat, fruit, vegetables, red meat, PhIP, calcium, vitamin D, and supplement vitamin E were also standardized for energy intake.
2
Average number of prostate cancer screening examinations (PSA or DRE) up to diagnosis of prostate cancer (cases) or selection as a control. Maximum period is limited to period of active screening (years 0–5).
3
Includes both single supplement and multivitamin use