Table 1.
Patient characteristics and outcomes
| Variable |
All patients (n = 1166) |
AKI (n = 87) |
Non AKI n = 1079 |
P |
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 64 (53 to 73) | 68 (57 to 76) | 64 (53 to 73) | 0.002 |
| Age group, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| ≥65 years | 581 (50) | 56 (64) | 525 (49) | |
| < 65 years | 585 (50) | 31 (36) | 554 (51) | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.470 | |||
| Male | 761 (65) | 56 (64) | 705 (65) | |
| Female | 405 (35) | 31 (36) | 374 (35) | |
| ASA physical status | < 0.001 | |||
| I/II/III | 1094 (94) | 68 (78) | 1026 (95) | |
| IV/V | 72 (6) | 19 (22) | 53 (5) | |
| Body mass index in Kg/m2, median (IQR) | 25 (22 to 28) | 24 (22 to 27) | 25 (22 to 28) | 0.020 |
| General anesthesia, n. (%) | 940 (81) | 72 (85) | 868 (80) | 0.004 |
| Duration of anesthesia (min.) median (IQR) | 210 (150 to 300) | 200 (125 to 300) | 210 (150 to 300) | 0.772 |
| Temperature at admission on PACU, mean ± sd | 35.23 ± 1.31 | 35.04 ± 1.70 | 35.25 ± 1.27 | 0.251 |
| Troponin I at admission, mean ± sd | 0.07 ± 0.32 | 0.18 ± 0.52 | 0.06 ± 0.29 | 0.011 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 565 (49) | 40 (46) | 525 (49) | 0.356 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 338 (29) | 24 (28) | 314 (29) | 0.438 |
| Emergency surgery | 231 (20) | 29 (33) | 202 (19) | 0.001 |
| High-risk surgery, n (%) | 528 (45) | 63 (72) | 465 (43) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 279 (24) | 33 (38) | 246 (23) | 0.001 |
| Congestive heart disease, n (%) | 233 (20) | 40 (46) | 193 (18) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 170 (15) | 12 (11) | 158 (15) | 0.490 |
| Insulin therapy for diabetes, n (%) | 104 (9) | 9 (10) | 95 (9) | 0.370 |
| Total RCRI | < 0.001 | |||
| ≤2 | 437 (38) | 54 (62) | 833 (77) | |
| > 2 | 729 (63) | 33 (28) | 246 (23) | |
| Intraoperative fluid volume | ||||
| Chrystaloids (L) (IQR) | 2.6 ± 1.8 (1.2 to 3.5) | 3.0 ± 2.3 (1.5 to 3.6) | 2.6 ± 1.7 (1.2 to 3.4) | 0.021 |
| Colloids (L) (IQR) | 0.2 ± 0.4 (0 to 0.5) | 0.3 ± 0.5 (0 to 0.5) | 0.2 ± 0.4 (0 to 0.5) | 0.014 |
| Erythrocytes (Units) (IQR) | 0.7 ± 1.6 (0 to 1) | 1.2 ± 2.6 (0 to 2) | 0.7 ± 1.5 (0 to 1) | 0.003 |
| Fresh frozen plasma (Units) (IQR) | 0.3 ± 1.0 (0 to 0) | 0.6 ± 1.5 (0 to 0) | 0.2 ± 1.0 (0 to 0) | 0.004 |
AKI = acute kidney injury; ASA = American Society of anesthesiologists, IQR = interquartile range; PACU = post anesthesia care unit; RCRI = Revised Cardiac Risk Index; SD = standard deviation.