A, B, Effect of bilateral VNO removal (VNOx) or sham operation (VNOi) on the preference of ovariectomized, estradiol-primed female mice for urinary odors from testes-intact male versus estrous female mice presented simultaneously. Subjects' preference for volatile urinary odors presented outside the home cage is shown in A, and subjects' preference for volatile plus nonvolatile urinary odors presented inside the home cage is shown in B. #, *Within- group differences were assessed using one-tailed Student's t tests.