Figure 6.

Schematics of Rubinstein’s instability physical mechanism: (a) a small perturbation of the extended polarized layer thickness (increased thickness at the center) resulting in transverse Maxwell pressure gradients that lead to a vortex pair in a positive feedback loop; (b) concentration profiles (normalized by the bulk concentration) of the different ionic species; and (c) electric potential profile (normalized by the applied voltage) across the center (blue line) and off-center (red line) of the perturbation region.