Fig. 7.

Hypothetical model of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) modulation of glioma invasion. AMPAR expression on the leading edge of cells is stimulated in an autocrine fashion, leading to increases in intracellular calcium. AMPAR-mediated enhancement of integrin surface expression results in activation of downstream signaling events, such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) autophosphorylation and Rac activation, leading to increased cell motility. Abbreviations: MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; GluR1, glutamate receptor type 1; 4.1B, protein 4.1B; SAB, spectrin-actin–binding domain.