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. 2000 Nov 7;97(24):13166–13171. doi: 10.1073/pnas.220427497

Figure 2.

Figure 2

(A) Optimal outgroup analyses (43) using the six-gene dataset indicate that Ginkgo and Pinus are the best species to use to identify the root node of angiosperm phylogeny. (B) Taxon-variance ratio plot showing that Gnetales (Gnetum and Welwitschia), Podocarpus, and Metasequoia are outliers relative to all other sampled taxa. Taxon-variance outliers have been shown to lead to inconsistent tree estimation when included in phylogenetic analyses (44).