Table 1.

Overview of (dis)similarities between models of boundary arrangements on selected facets of the governance of expertise

Dealing with	Enlightenment	Technocracy	Bureaucracy	Engineering	Advocacy	Learning
Values	Political responsibility	Scientific operationalizations of the ‘good’	Political responsibility	Political responsibility	Pluralist interest articulation	Convergent ‘rational’ ideologies; cyclical priorities
Knowledge conflicts	Conflict avoidance	Conflict avoidance; spontaneous hegemony	Rule-bound demarcation of expertise and tasks	Ad libitum; actor-bound, local	Equal status; usable knowledge	Positive/negative heuristic; mutual adjustment
Uncertainty	Political responsibility	Temporary problem; disregard or hedge	Rule-governed control from systems perspective	Fallibilist; actors’ perspective	Negotiation; robustness	Designed and/or spontaneous learning
Institutional nexus	Accidental, ad hoc	Science leads; politics legitimises	Politics leads; loyal instrumental research	Project-focused; principal—agent	Flexible play with distance and overlap	Professional platforms and/or social debate
Policy-oriented learning	Accidental	Experimental logic	Instrumental learning	Not structurally guaranteed	Spontaneous learning	Designed and/or spontaneous learning
Trust/distrust	Institutional distrust	Institutional distrust	Ambivalent	Conditional trust	Unsteady balance; trust-work	Institutional trust