Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics, before and after propensity score matching
| Before matching | After matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) or mean (±SD) | CKD | CKD & DM | CKD | CKD & DM | ||
| (N = 2432) | (N=1095) | P | (N = 987) | (N = 987) | P | |
| Age (years) | 69 (±9) | 67 (±8) | <0.0001 | 68 (±10) | 68 (±8) | 0.733 |
| Female | 688 (28%) | 411 (36%) | <0.0001 | 336 (34%) | 343 (35%) | 0.776 |
| Non-white | 175 (7%) | 137 (13%) | <0.0001 | 105 (11%) | 108 (11%) | 0.884 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26 (±5) | 29 (±6) | <0.0001 | 28 (±5) | 28 (±5) | 0.532 |
| Duration of HF (months) | 30 (±36) | 31 (±38) | 0.580 | 30 (±37) | 31 (±38) | 0.443 |
| Primary cause of HF | ||||||
| Ischemic | 1735 (71%) | 830 (76%) | 738 (75%) | 744 (75%) | ||
| Hypertensive | 226 (9%) | 141 (13%) | 129 (13%) | 125 (13%) | ||
| Idiopathic | 318 (13%) | 96 (9%) | <0.0001 | 93 (9%) | 90 (9%) | 0.667 |
| Others | 153 (6%) | 28 (3%) | 27 (3%) | 28 (3%) | ||
| Prior myocardial infarction | 1591 (65%) | 729 (67%) | 0.503 | 651 (66%) | 663 (67%) | 0.605 |
| Current angina | 661 (27%) | 350 (32%) | 0.004 | 291 (30%) | 304 (31%) | 0.554 |
| Hypertension | 1101 (45%) | 686 (63%) | <0.0001 | 602 (61%) | 587 (60%) | 0.487 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Pre-trial digoxin use | 1025 (42%) | 475 (43%) | 0.493 | 417 (42%) | 424 (43%) | 0.791 |
| Trial use of digoxin | 1205 (50%) | 541 (49%) | 0.938 | 480 (49%) | 493 (50%) | 0.574 |
| ACE inhibitors | 2248 (92%) | 1017 (93%) | 0.643 | 919 (93%) | 916 (93%) | 0.862 |
| Hydralazine & nitrates | 33 (1%) | 34 (3%) | <0.0001 | 26 (3%) | 26 (3%) | 1.000 |
| Diuretics | 1989 (82%) | 960 (88%) | <0.0001 | 861 (87%) | 857 (87%) | 0.838 |
| PS diuretics | 220 (9%) | 104 (10%) | 0.667 | 89 (9%) | 96 (10%) | 0.639 |
| Potassium supplement | 731 (30%) | 362 (33%) | 0.074 | 318 (32%) | 319 (32%) | 1.000 |
| Symptoms and signs of HF | ||||||
| Dyspnea at rest | 504 (21%) | 299 (27%) | <0.0001 | 261 (26%) | 257 (26%) | 0.877 |
| Dyspnea on exertion | 1872 (77%) | 859 (78%) | 0.333 | 785 (80%) | 775 (79%) | 0.621 |
| Limitation of activity | 1867 (77%) | 875 (80%) | 0.038 | 793 (80%) | 783 (79%) | 0.616 |
| Jugular venous distension | 331 (14%) | 192 (18%) | 0.002 | 163 (17%) | 174 (18%) | 0.548 |
| Third heart sound | 600 (25%) | 281 (26%) | 0.529 | 257 (26%) | 257 (26%) | 1.000 |
| Pulmonary râles | 433 (18%) | 222 (20%) | 0.081 | 200 (20%) | 203 (21%) | 0.909 |
| Lower extremity edema | 461 (19%) | 346 (32%) | <0.0001 | 293 (30%) | 292 (30%) | 1.000 |
| NYHA functional class, % | ||||||
| Class I | 298 (12%) | 127 (12%) | 130 (13%) | 118 (12%) | ||
| Class II | 1283 (53%) | 523 (48%) | 461 (47%) | 476 (48%) | ||
| Class III | 789 (32%) | 405 (37%) | 0.008 | 365 (37%) | 360 (37%) | 0.984 |
| Class IV | 62 (3%) | 40 (4%) | 31 (3%) | 33 (3%) | ||
| Heart rate (/minute), | 77 (±13) | 80 (±12) | <0.0001 | 80 (±13) | 79 (±12) | 0.488 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||
| Systolic | 127 (±21) | 132 (±22) | <0.0001 | 131 (±22) | 131 (±21) | 0.894 |
| Diastolic | 75 (±11) | 74 (±11) | 0.769 | 74 (±12) | 74 (±11) | 0.757 |
| Chest radiograph findings | ||||||
| Pulmonary congestion | 364 (15%) | 183 (17%) | 0.185 | 161 (16%) | 165 (17%) | 0.856 |
| Cardiothoracic ratio >0.5 | 1497 (62%) | 720 (66%) | 0.017 | 641 (65%) | 640 (65%) | 1.000 |
| Ejection fraction | 32 (±13) | 33 (±12) | 0.139 | 33 (±13) | 32 (±12) | 0.620 |
ACE=angiotensin-converting enzyme; CKD=chronic kidney disease; DM=diabetes mellitus; HF=heart failure; NYHA=New York Heart Association; PS=potassium sparing; SD=standard deviation