Table 2.
Percentage of NHANES 1999–2006 participants with hypertension who have uncontrolled blood pressure, by presence of CKD (stages 3 and 4) and definition of uncontrolled blood pressure (general vs. disease-specific)
| % with Uncontrolled Blood Pressure (95% CI) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Definition (≥140/≥90 mmHg) |
Disease-specific Definition (≥130/≥85 [1999–2002] and ≥130/≥80 [2003–2006] mmHg for CKD & diabetes; otherwise ≥140/≥90 mmHg) |
|||||||
| No CKD (n=5163) | CKD (Stage 3 & 4; n=1330) | No CKD (n=5163) | CKD (Stage 3 & 4; n=1330) | |||||
| Subgroup | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* |
| Overall | 48.7 (46.3–51.1) | 52.7 (50.4–55.0) | 51.5 (48.5–54.6) | 59.0 (56.2–61.7) | 51.7 (49.3–54.2) | 58.6 (56.3–60.9) | 68.8 (65.7–71.8) | 69.2 (66.6–71.7) |
| Survey Year | ||||||||
| 1999–2002 | 53.4 (50.0–56.7) | 56.3 (52.7–60.0) | 55.9 (51.3–60.3) | 59.2 (53.7–64.4) | 56.4 (53.0–59.7) | 60.8 (57.3–64.2) | 71.8 (67.5–75.8) | 74.7 (70.1–78.7) |
| 2003–2006 | 44.3 (41.1–47.6) | 50.0 (46.9–53.1) | 47.8 (43.7–52.0) | 50.9 (46.1–55.8) | 47.3 (44.1–50.6) | 54.1 (50.9–57.2) | 66.3 (61.6–70.6) | 70.7 (66.2–74.8) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.027 | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.073 | 0.204 |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 20–39 | 38.5 (33.9–43.4) | 34.7 (31.3–38.2) | 49.9 (31.3–68.4) | 32.2 (21.9–44.7) | 39.7 (34.9–44.6) | 38.7 (35.2–42.3) | 69.7 (47.8–85.2) | 51.3 (37.2–65.2) |
| 40–59 | 46.0 (43.0–49.0) | 47.4 (44.8–50.0) | 37.2 (28.4–46.9) | 40.0 (32.5–49.2) | 49.0 (45.9–52.0) | 51.7 (49.2–54.2) | 54.7 (44.1–64.9) | 60.2 (51.2–68.5) |
| 60–69 | 51.7 (47.5–55.8) | 60.4 (58.0–62.9) | 46.4 (38.8–54.1) | 49.6 (44.7–54.4) | 57.0 (52.7–61.2) | 64.5 (62.1–66.8) | 66.8 (59.5–73.3) | 68.4 (64.2–72.3) |
| 70+ | 63.8 (60.0–67.4) | 72.1 (69.1–75.1) | 57.2 (58.5–60.8) | 58.5 (54.7–62.3) | 66.5 (63.0–69.9) | 75.5 (72.5–78.2) | 73.5 (69.8–76.8) | 75.6 (71.9–78.9) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 47.7 (44.6–50.8) | 53.0 (49.9–56.1) | 46.5 (41.1–52.0) | 49.8 (43.9–55.6) | 50.3 (47.2–53.4) | 57.0 (53.7–60.2) | 64.5 (59.0–69.6) | 69.1 (63.7–74.0) |
| Female | 49.8 (47.1–52.5) | 52.8 (49.7–55.9) | 54.0 (50.5–58.6) | 58.4 (53.6–63.0) | 53.3 (50.6–55.9) | 57.4 (54.6–60.2) | 71.4 (67.1–75.5) | 75.1 (70.2–79.4) |
| P for trend | 0.212 | 0.921 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.071 | 0.811 | 0.060 | 0.119 |
| Race | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 46.7 (43.9–49.5) | 49.4 (46.6–52.1) | 51.4 (48.0–54.8) | 53.6 (49.6–57.6) | 49.3 (46.4–52.2) | 53.4 (50.7–56.1) | 67.8 (64.4–71.1) | 70.1 (66.8–73.3) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 53.6 (50.6–56.6) | 53.5 (51.0–56.0) | 52.0 (44.4–59.5) | 55.3 (50.4–60.1) | 57.5 (54.3–60.6) | 57.8 (55.4–60.2) | 70.5 (63.3–76.8) | 74.5 (70.7–78.5) |
| Mexican- American | 53.3 (49.3–57.3) | 57.5 (53.3–61.7) | 51.0 (37.7–64.1) | 56.9 (47.9–65.5) | 57.6 (53.6–61.4) | 62.0 (58.1–65.8) | 64.0 (51.0–75.2) | 79.0 (72.1–84.5) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.986 | 0.509 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.609 | 0.020 |
| Socioeconomic Status | ||||||||
| Education | ||||||||
| <High school | 55.8 (52.6–59.0) | 54.7 (51.3–57.9) | 51.4 (45.5–57.3) | 52.4 (46.1–58.7) | 59.7 (56.5–62.9) | 58.7 (55.4–62.0) | 69.3 (63.6–74.4) | 70.2 (64.7–75.2) |
| High school+ | 46.7 (44.0–49.4) | 52.0 (48.8–55.2) | 51.5 (47.5–55.5) | 55.6 (50.6–60.5) | 49.5 (46.7–52.3) | 56.4 (53.2–59.6) | 68.6 (64.1–72.8) | 73.6 (68.8–77.9) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.263 | 0.981 | 0.459 | <0.001 | 0.347 | 0.863 | 0.384 |
| Household income | ||||||||
| <$20,000 | 53.4 (49.1–57.5) | 54.7 (51.1–58.3) | 55.6 (49.8–61.2) | 56.3 (50.8–61.7) | 57.6 (53.9–61.2) | 59.5 (55.8–63.0) | 71.8 (66.5–76.7) | 74.3 (69.8–78.4) |
| $20–44,999 | 50.0 (46.6–53.5) | 53.4 (50.9–55.8) | 50.5 (43.2–57.8) | 54.5 (50.8–58.1) | 54.1 (50.4–57.7) | 57.8 (55.3–60.2) | 69.9 (63.3–75.7) | 72.4 (69.3–75.4) |
| $45–74,999 | 48.4 (43.8–52.9) | 52.0 (49.1–54.9) | 49.6 (42.5–56.7) | 52.6 (46.8–58.4) | 50.0 (45.6–54.4) | 56.0 (53.3–58.7) | 66.5 (58.2–73.8) | 70.4 (65.6–74.8) |
| $75,000+ | 41.3 (37.0–45.8) | 50.7 (46.2–55.1) | 43.7 (32.7–55.3) | 50.8 (41.2–60.2) | 43.4 (39.0–47.9) | 54.3 (50.0–58.5) | 59.0 (47.7–69.4) | 68.4 (60.3–75.5) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.222 | 0.305 | 0.397 | <0.001 | 0.107 | 0.170 | 0.235 |
| Insurance | ||||||||
| No | 48.4 (45.9–50.9) | 52.9 (50.3–55.6) | 51.4 (48.3–54.6) | 54.4 (50.7–58.1) | 51.6 (49.0–54.2) | 57.4 (54.6–60.1) | 68.7 (65.5–71.6) | 72.2 (69.1–75.2) |
| Yes | 50.5 (44.7–56.3) | 52.7 (46.0–59.4) | 46.8 (27.5–67.2) | 54.8 (29.1–78.2) | 52.6 (46.8–58.2) | 56.2 (49.4–62.7) | 68.9 (47.7–84.3) | 76.6 (52.6–90.6) |
| P for trend | 0.488 | 0.954 | 0.668 | 0.978 | 0.744 | 0.759 | 0.980 | 0.672 |
| Clinical Status | ||||||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| <30 | 51.5 (48.4–54.5) | 52.7 (49.5–55.9) | 53.7 (49.6–57.7) | 54.8 (50.4–59.1) | 52.9 (50.0–55.9) | 56.5 (53.5–59.4) | 69.9 (66.0–73.6) | 72.3 (68.3–76.0) |
| 30+ | 45.1 (42.1–48.0) | 53.2 (50.0–56.2) | 48.8 (43.2–54.6) | 53.8 (47.0–60.5) | 50.0 (46.8–53.2) | 58.2 (54.9–61.4) | 67.0 (62.1–71.5) | 72.5 (67.6–77.0) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.845 | 0.193 | 0.821 | 0.119 | 0.424 | 0.286 | 0.941 |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 40.9 (36.9–45.1) | 46.0 (41.6–50.6) | 52.3 (44.8–59.7) | 61.2 (53.0–68.9) | 65.4 (60.1–70.4) | 72.8 (68.1–77.0) | 66.0 (58.9–72.4) | 72.4 (65.5–78.3) |
| Yes | 49.9 (47.4–52.4) | 54.1 (51.6–56.5) | 51.5 (47.9–55.2) | 52.2 (48.0–56.4) | 49.9 (47.4–57.4) | 54.3 (51.9–56.6) | 69.4 (65.6–72.9) | 72.4 (68.3–76.2) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.868 | 0.059 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.404 | 0.989 |
| Albuminuria | ||||||||
| No | 47.0 (44.4–49.5) | 49.3 (46.6–52.0) | 46.7 (42.6–50.5) | 47.0 (42.6–51.4) | 49.6 (46.9–52.3) | 53.8 (51.0–56.6) | 64.0 (59.9–68.0) | 65.5 (61.8–69.3) |
| Yes | 63.1 (59.6–66.4) | 65.5 (61.6–69.2) | 66.7 (60.1–72.8) | 68.2 (42.6–51.3) | 68.8 (65.5–72.0) | 67.0 (62.6–70.9) | 81.8 (76.9–85.8) | 83.2 (78.1–87.4) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Treatment Status Any anti-hypertensive | ||||||||
| No | 59.3 (56.7–61.9) | 64.4 (61.6–67.2) | 71.1 (64.4–77.1) | 73.4 (66.6–79.2) | 61.2 (58.5–63.8) | 68.4 (65.8–71.0) | 84.0 (79.0–88.0) | 84.7 (79.7–88.7) |
| Yes | 35.8 (32.9–38.7) | 35.2 (32.0–38.5) | 43.1 (39.5–46.7) | 44.9 (41.1–48.8) | 40.2 (37.1–43.4) | 38.9 (35.7–42.3) | 62.3 (58.8–65.7) | 65.1 (61.5–68.4) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Number of anti- hypertensives | ||||||||
| 0 | 59.3 (56.7–61.9) | 61.3 (58.4–64.1) | 71.1 (64.4–77.1) | 68.0 (62.9–72.7) | 61.2 (58.5–63.8) | 75.1 (68.1–80.9) | 84.0 (79.0–88.0) | 80.4 (76.7–83.8) |
| 1 | 33.9 (30.5–37.5) | 43.6 (40.8–46.5) | 44.4 (39.4–49.5) | 53.1 (49.7–56.7) | 37.7 (34.2–41.3) | 64.4 (57.4–70.9) | 63.4 (58.9–67.7) | 71.3 (68.3–74.1) |
| 2+ | 40.9 (35.5–46.4) | 27.4 (23.1–32.2) | 40.9 (35.5–46.5) | 37.8 (33.0–42.8) | 47.0 (41.5–52.6) | 52.2 (43.6–60.6) | 60.4 (54.4–66.1) | 59.9 (54.6–65.0) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs | ||||||||
| No | 52.2 (49.7–54.6) | 54.8 (52.0–57.5) | 55.6 (51.6–59.5) | 56.5 (52.4–60.7) | 54.7 (52.3–57.0) | 67.3 (59.9–74.0) | 72.0 (67.8–75.8) | 73.2 (69.1–76.8) |
| Yes | 33.1 (29.0–37.6) | 35.2 (30.6–40.1) | 39.6 (34.5–45.0) | 43.3 (37.5–49.3) | 38.6 (34.1–43.3) | 57.5 (49.1–65.4) | 59.6 (53.9–65.1) | 64.1 (58.6–69.3) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.002 | 0.016 |
| Diuretic | ||||||||
| No | 50.9 (48.5–53.2) | 53.3 (50.7–55.8) | 53.1 (49.8–56.4) | 54.5 (51.0–58.0) | 53.8 (51.4–56.3) | 66.1 (59.0–72.5) | 70.0 (66.6–73.2) | 71.8 (68.2–75.1) |
| Yes | 34.8 (30.3–39.6) | 36.9 (32.2–41.8) | 45.2 (39.4–51.2) | 47.1 (39.5–54.7) | 38.0 (33.3–43.0) | 60.5 (50.4–69.7) | 64.1 (56.7–70.8) | 66.6 (59.0–73.5) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.076 | <0.001 | 0.219 | 0.115 | 0.219 |
| Other† anti-hypertensive | ||||||||
| No | 49.0 (46.6–51.4) | 51.4 (49.0–54.0) | 51.3 (48.1–54.5) | 52.6 (49.2–56.1) | 52.0 (49.6–54.5) | 64.8 (57.9–71.1) | 69.0 (65.6–72.1) | 70.8 (67.6–73.7) |
| Yes | 40.4 (31.4–50.1) | 39.1 (29.2–50.2) | 56.5 (45.9–66.6) | 61.7 (47.9–73.8) | 43.8 (34.5–53.5) | 65.7 (50.3–78.4) | 66.2 (55.5–75.4) | 71.6 (58.0–82.2) |
| P for trend | 0.084 | 0.026 | 0.347 | 0.208 | 0.099 | 0.894 | 0.603 | 0.894 |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.
*
Adjusted for all of the following except the subgroup being examined: survey year, age, sex, race, education, income, insurance, obesity, diabetes, and treatment with any anti-hypertensive.
†
Includes beta and calcium channel blockers.