Table 3.
Means, standard deviations and difference-of-means testa of variables measuring farm household characteristics and transportation infrastructure in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon, 1990–1999, according to gender and out-migration destination
| Variable | Rural out-migrants |
Urban out-migrants |
No out-migrants |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female mean (S.D.) | Male mean (S.D.) | Female mean (S.D.) | Male mean (S.D.) | Female mean (S.D.) | Male mean (S.D.) | |
| Population density at the farm (people per ha) | 0.22 (0.13) | 0.23** (0.14) | 0.36 (0.74) | 0.22*** (0.21) | 0.24 (0.34) | 0.23* (0.32) |
| Walking distance to the nearest road (km) | 0.68 (1.29) | 0.98** (1.60) | 0.64 (1.36) | 0.73 (1.37) | 0.88 (1.45) | 0.83 (1.45) |
| Distance to the nearest market (km) | 23.82 (15.03) | 27.31*** (17.76) | 24.44 (19.53) | 27.20** (18.88) | 26.42 (16.57) | 27.06* (17.76) |
| Difference in amount of land in crops, 1999–1990 (ha) | −7.86 (6.46) | −7.92 (5.78) | −7.86 (6.42) | −7.00**(5.33) | −8.62 (6.35) | −8.87* (6.68) |
| Difference in amount of land in pasture, 1999–1990 (ha) | −2.73 (40.16) | −0.51 (14.72) | 4.61 (11.48) | 5.75** (14.85) | −1.80 (33.79) | −1.80 (35.41) |
| Difference in amount of land in forest, 1999–1990 (ha) | −10.94 (19.13) | −17.31*** (41.74) | −11.55 (21.24) | −8.32** (19.22) | −9.02 (23.04) | −8.99 (28.06) |
a
Difference-of-means test (Cochran method) between males and females are showed in the column with results for males.
*
p<0.10 (two-tailed test).
**
p<0.05 (two-tailed test).
***
p<0.01 (two-tailed test).