Table 1.

Characteristics of the Study Sample, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2000–2004

Variable	Total (n = 1,735)			Chronic (n = 114)			Antepartum (n = 110)			Postpartum (n = 162)			Late (n = 112)			Never (n = 1,237)			P Value
	No.	%	Mean (SD)	No.	%	Mean (SD)	No.	%	Mean (SD)	No.	%	Mean (SD)	No.	%	Mean (SD)	No.	%	Mean (SD)
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics
Age, years			23.9 (5.9)			24.0 (6.1)			23.0 (5.5)			23.8 (6.4)			24.0 (6.1)			23.9 (5.8)	0.580
Income/year, $			8,131 (9,876)			7,590 (10,081)			8,054 (7,795)			6,572 (6,730)			8,647 (10,254)			8,344 (10,313)	0.277
Race
Hispanic	297	17		28	25		10	9		21	14		24	21		214	18		0.020
Black	1,212	70		65	57		84	76		119	74		77	69		867	70
White/other	226	13		21	18		16	15		22	14		11	10		156	13
Nativity—US born	1,351	78		91	80		83	75		122	76		82	73		973	79		0.564
Education
Less than high schoola	426	25		43	38		21	19		50	31		44	39		268	22		<0.001
Still in high schoola	265	15		19	7		21	19		35	22		18	16		172	14
High school or equivalent	730	42		39	34		48	44		57	35		37	33		549	44
Any college or more	312	18		13	11		19	17		20	12		13	12		247	20
Married	432	25		30	26		23	21		37	23		26	23		316	26		0.759
Parity (previous livebirths)
≥3	439	25		51	45		27	25		41	25		30	27		290	23		0.046
1–2	456	26		21	18		27	25		53	33		29	26		326	26
0	840	48		42	37		56	51		68	42		53	47		621	50
Health measures
Self-rated physical health
Fair/poor	201	12		27	24		15	14		20	12		12	11		127	10		<0.001
Good	620	36		37	33		45	41		58	36		52	46		428	35
Very good	449	26		25	22		27	25		41	25		14	13		342	28
Excellent	463	27		25	22		22	20		43	27		34	30		339	27
Self-rated emotional health
Fair/poor	316	18		45	40		38	35		43	27		28	25		162	13		<0.001
Good	570	33		36	32		40	36		51	32		31	28		412	33
Very good	449	26		19	17		17	16		43	27		28	25		342	28
Excellent	394	23		14	12		15	14		24	15		24	22		317	26
Comorbid condition	319	18		29	25		24	22		39	24		21	19		206	17		0.029
Health behaviors
Smoked in pregnancy	392	23		42	37		33	30		39	24		31	28		247	20		<0.001
Recent alcohol use	570	33		55	48		50	46		48	30		31	28		386	31		<0.001
Recent marijuana use	324	19		36	32		28	26		36	22		24	21		200	16		<0.001
Other measures
Ambivalence about pregnancy
Depressed	774	45		67	59		72	67		80	49		41	37		514	42		<0.001
Anxious	872	50		79	69		79	72		88	54		48	43		578	47		<0.001
Objective stress
High	607	35		66	57		54	50		70	44		50	45		368	30		<0.001
Moderate	592	34		36	32		31	27		59	37		42	38		424	35
Low	524	30		13	11		23	21		32	20		20	18		436	36

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

^a“Less than high school” is defined as less than high school status and more than 19 years of age; “still in high school” is defined as less than high school status and 19 years of age or less.