Table 3.

Urinary biomarkers for the early prediction of clinical outcomes in various AKI settings

Biomarker name	Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)	Kidney transplant	Intensive care or emergency setting
NGAL	Predicts AKI duration, severity, dialysis and death	Predicts AKI duration	Predicts AKI duration, severity and dialysis
References	[41,42]	[27]	[34,36,43]
IL-18	Predicts AKI duration	Predicts AKI duration	Predicts death
References	[22]	[27]	[66]
KIM-1	Not tested	Predicts long-term graft loss	Predicts dialysis and death
References		[67]	[68]

NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; IL-18, interleukin 18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1.

AKI is defined as a 50% or greater increase in serum creatinine from baseline.