Effects of lotus flower essential oil on melanogenesis in human melanocytes. Supplement-reduced melanocytes were untreated or treated with various concentrations of lotus flower oil or 10 µM forskolin (FK). After the melanocytes were incubated for 5 days, melanin content was determined and MTT assays were conducted (A). Supplement-reduced melanocytes were treated with 10 µg/ml of lotus flower essential oil for 0.5, 1, or 2 h, and for 1, 3, or 5 d. The expression of MITF-M, TRP-1, TRP-2, tyrosinase and GAPDH mRNA were assessed at the indicated times. The intensity of each band was quantitated by densitometry and normalized versus GAPDH. The error bars indicate S.E. (n = 4) (B). After treatment with lotus flower oil, tyrosinase and MITF-M protein expression were assessed at 1, 3, or 5 d. The intensity of each band was quantitated by densitometry and normalized versus β-actin. The data represent the means ± S.E. of three independent experiments (C).The error bars indicate S.E. (n = 5); *P < 0.01; **P < 0.001 (B).