TABLE 2.
Multivariable zero-inflated negative binomial models predicting severity of depressiona
| Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | Adjusted model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRRb | 95% CIc | IRRb | 95% CIc | IRRb | 95% CIc | |
| Survey wave | ||||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Follow–up | 1.01 | 0.92–1.11 | 0.94 | 0.86–1.02 | 0.97 | 0.89–1.06 |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Nationality | ||||||
| Jewish | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Israeli Arabs | 1.23 | 1.11–1.35 | 1.28 | 1.15–1.42 | 1.21 | 1.10–1.33 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Female | 1.09 | 1.00–1.19 | 1.08 | 1.00–1.17 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.14 |
| Age, in years | ||||||
| 18–24 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| 25–34 | 1.02 | 0.88–1.18 | 1.03 | 0.88–1.19 | 1.02 | 0.88–1.17 |
| 35–44 | 1.19 | 1.02–1.39 | 1.15 | 0.98–1.33 | 1.13 | 0.96–1.31 |
| 45–54 | 1.07 | 0.90–1.28 | 1.06 | 0.89–1.25 | 1.03 | 0.86–1.23 |
| 55–64 | 1.02 | 0.83–1.23 | 1.03 | 0.84–1.22 | 0.99 | 0.82–1.18 |
| ≥65 | 0.89 | 0.70–1.10 | 0.94 | 0.76–1.15 | 0.93 | 0.74–1.13 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| >High school | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| ≤ High school | 1.03 | 0.94–1.13 | 1.05 | 0.96–1.14 | 1.03 | 0.94–1.12 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Single/living with partner | 1.10 | 0.95–1.25 | 1.13 | 0.98–1.29 | 1.15 | 1.00–1.31 |
| Divorced/separated | 0.98 | 0.80–1.16 | 1.00 | 0.82–1.18 | 1.02 | 0.85–1.21 |
| Widowed | 0.85 | 0.68–1.04 | 0.91 | 0.72–1.15 | 0.97 | 0.78–1.18 |
| Household income | ||||||
| Above average | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Below or at average | 1.24 | 1.13–1.38 | 1.20 | 1.08–1.33 | 1.16 | 1.05–1.28 |
| Religiosity | ||||||
| Secular | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Traditional | 1.09 | 0.98–1.21 | 1.05 | 0.96–1.16 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.16 |
| Religious | 1.07 | 0.94–1.21 | 1.07 | 0.94–1.20 | 1.09 | 0.97–1.22 |
| Ultrareligious | 0.98 | 0.70–1.28 | 1.05 | 0.75–1.36 | 1.06 | 0.78–1.38 |
| Perceived social support | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Medium | 1.18 | 1.05–1.33 | 1.13 | 1.00–1.28 | 1.14 | 1.01–1.27 |
| Low | 1.39 | 1.24–1.57 | 1.35 | 1.21–1.50 | 1.33 | 1.19–1.49 |
| Exposure to terrorism | ||||||
| Any direct exposure to terrorism | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 1.09 | 0.99–1.22 | 1.08 | 0.98–1.19 | ||
| Any threat from terrorism | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.92–1.09 | 1.00 | 0.91–1.10 | ||
| Any economic loss from terrorism | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 1.18 | 1.06–1.30 | 1.13 | 1.02–1.23 | ||
| Loss of psychosocial resources | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Medium | 1.24 | 1.10–1.39 | 1.22 | 1.09–1.37 | ||
| High | 1.59 | 1.41–1.79 | 1.48 | 1.31–1.67 | ||
| Gain of psychosocial resources | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Medium | 0.96 | 0.86–1.07 | 0.93 | 0.83–1.03 | ||
| High | 1.01 | 0.91–1.12 | 0.96 | 0.87–1.06 | ||
| Psychopathology | ||||||
| Probable PTSD | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | - | ||||
| Yes | 1.55 | 1.42–1.68 | ||||
Results of the negative binomial portion of the zero-inflated negative binomial model, fit among those with a non-zero total depression scale score; the same covariates were significantly associated with having a non-zero depression scale score in the logistic regression model portion of the zero-inflated negative binomial models as in the negative binomial portion, with the following exceptions: female gender and educational attainment of high school or lower was significantly associated with a non–zero depression score in all 3 adjusted logistic regression models, while average or below average household income was not associated with depression in adjusted models 2 and 3; being traditionally religious was associated with a non-zero depression score in adjusted model 1.
Incidence rate ratio.
Bootstrapped confidence intervals.