TABLE 3.
Multivariable zero-inflated negative binomial models predicting severity of depression, with censoring weights applied and bootstrapped confidence intervalsa
| Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | Adjusted model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRRa | 95% CI | IRRa | 95% CI | IRRa | 95% CI | |
| Survey wave | ||||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Follow–up | 0.99 | 0.92–1.07 | 0.93 | 0.85–1.00 | 0.96 | 0.88–1.03 |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Nationality | ||||||
| Jewish | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Israeli Arab | 1.20 | 1.08–1.35 | 1.24 | 1.12–1.38 | 1.16 | 1.04–1.29 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Female | 1.09 | 0.98–1.21 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.19 | 1.06 | 0.97–1.16 |
| Age, in years | ||||||
| 18–24 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| 25–34 | 1.00 | 0.84–1.19 | 1.02 | 0.87–1.20 | 1.00 | 0.85–1.17 |
| 35–44 | 1.19 | 0.99–1.43 | 1.15 | 0.96–1.35 | 1.12 | 0.94–1.32 |
| 45–54 | 1.04 | 0.85–1.29 | 1.03 | 0.84–1.25 | 0.99 | 0.82–1.20 |
| 55–64 | 1.03 | 0.83–1.29 | 1.04 | 0.85–1.27 | 0.99 | 0.81–1.19 |
| ≥65 | 0.87 | 0.68–1.09 | 0.93 | 0.71–1.14 | 0.90 | 0.70–1.08 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| >High school | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| ≤High school | 1.01 | 0.91–1.13 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.14 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.13 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Single/Living with partner | 1.10 | 0.93–1.30 | 1.12 | 0.95–1.29 | 1.13 | 0.97–1.30 |
| Divorced/Separated | 1.02 | 0.82–1.26 | 1.03 | 0.85–1.27 | 1.05 | 0.84–1.29 |
| Widowed | 0.98 | 0.61–1.02 | 0.82 | 0.63–1.06 | 0.88 | 0.68–1.13 |
| Household income | ||||||
| Above average | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Below or at average | 1.24 | 1.09–1.40 | 1.21 | 1.06–1.36 | 1.18 | 1.04–1.32 |
| Religiosity | ||||||
| Secular | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Traditional | 1.10 | 0.99–1.25 | 1.07 | 0.96–1.20 | 1.07 | 0.96–1.19 |
| Religious | 1.08 | 0.94–1.24 | 1.07 | 0.93–1.21 | 1.10 | 0.95–1.26 |
| Ultrareligious | 1.02 | 0.72–1.39 | 1.08 | 0.74–1.46 | 1.09 | 0.77–1.51 |
| Perceived social support | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Medium | 1.19 | 1.05–1.36 | 1.15 | 1.02–1.30 | 1.15 | 1.01–1.28 |
| Low | 1.35 | 1.20–1.55 | 1.32 | 1.17–1.49 | 1.30 | 1.16–1.47 |
| Exposure to terrorism | ||||||
| Any direct exposure to terrorism | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 1.11 | 0.99–1.23 | 1.09 | 0.97–1.21 | ||
| Any threat from terrorism | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 0.98 | 0.89–1.08 | 0.98 | 0.89–1.08 | ||
| Any economic loss from terrorism | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 1.19 | 1.07–1.31 | 1.14 | 1.03–1.26 | ||
| Loss of psychosocial resources | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Medium | 1.19 | 1.07–1.36 | 1.18 | 1.06–1.34 | ||
| High | 1.52 | 1.37–1.73 | 1.42 | 1.28–1.62 | ||
| Gain of psychosocial resources | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Medium | 1.00 | 0.88–1.11 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.08 | ||
| High | 1.03 | 0.90–1.13 | 0.99 | 0.89–1.09 | ||
| Psychopathology | ||||||
| Probable PTSD | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | - | ||||
| Yes | 1.54 | 1.41–1.69 | ||||
Results of the negative binomial portion of the zero-inflated negative binomial model, fit among those with a non-zero total depression scale score; the same covariates were significantly associated with having a non-zero depression scale score in the logistic regression portion of the zero-inflated negative binomial models as in the negative binomial portion, with the following exceptions: female gender was significantly associated with a non-zero depression score in all 3 adjusted logistic regression models; educational attainment of high school or lower was significantly associated with a non-zero depression score in adjusted model 2; being traditionally religious was associated with a non-zero depression score in adjusted models 1 and 2; average or below average household income was not associated with depression in adjusted models 2 and 3; economic loss was not associated with depression in adjusted model 3.
Incidence rate ratio.
Bootstrapped confidence intervals.