Table 2.

Estimated annual health effects of indoor air pollution exposures in India

Disease	Deaths, thousands	YLL, millions	DALYs, millions	Sickday severity
I. Strong evidence
ARI* (880,000)	270–400	9.2–14	9.6–14	0.28
COPD† (60,000)	20–35	0.19–0.34	0.39–0.68	0.43
Lung cancer†   (6,000)	0.42–0.79	0.0046–0.0086	0.0048–0.0090	0.15
II. Moderate evidence
Blindness† (∼0)	≈0	≈0	0.064–0.13	0.5
TB† (250,000)	53–130	0.97–2.4	1.1–2.6	0.15
APO (560,000)	?	?	?
Asthma (20,000)	3.6–9.0	0.046–0.12	0.27–0.68	0.15
III. Suggestive evidence
IHD† (1,100,000)	54–200	0.49–1.8	0.55–2.1	0.32
Possible total   (2,300,000)	400–780	11–18	12–20
Range used§:	400–550	11–16	12–17

Estimates listed in order of the strength of evidence under Indian conditions. Mortality and conversion to life years lost and morbidity as in ref. 37. APO, adverse pregnancy outcomes. Severity is taken as the disability weighting in ref. 37 and varies from 0 (healthy) to 0.85 (severe disability). Indian total deaths for each disease are listed in parentheses. 

^*Under 5 years only. 

^†Women only. 

^‡ Disability-adjusted life year = (years lost to premature death) + (years lost to disability) ∗ (severity factor) (37). 

^§Full range for Class I plus low end of ranges for Classes II and III.