Table 2.
Longitudinal follow-up study: clinical characteristics, myocardial blood flow, and haemodynamics during positron emission tomography at baseline and follow-up
| Group 1 |
Group 2 |
Group 3 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | FU | P-value | Baseline | FU | P-value | Baseline | FU | P-value | |
| Numbers (n) | 18 | 18 | — | 18 | 18 | — | 12 | 12 | — |
| Age (years) | 57 ± 6 | 59 ± 7 | 0.0001 | 59 ± 8 | 61 ± 6 | 0.0001 | 61 ± 8 | 63 ± 7 | 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 ± 5.5 | 27 ± 6.2 | 0.610 | 30 ± 3.9 | 30 ± 4.3 | 0.744 | 26 ± 3.85 | 26 ± 2.95 | 0.835 |
| Risk factors | |||||||||
| Hypertension, n | 6 (33%) | — | — | 8 (44%) | — | — | 3 (25%) | — | — |
| Smoking, n | 3 (17%) | — | — | 3 (17%) | — | — | 3 (25%) | — | — |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n | 10 (56%) | — | — | 9 (50%) | — | — | 4 (33%) | — | — |
| Obesity, n | 5 (28%) | — | — | 9 (50%) | — | — | 2 (17%) | — | — |
| Family history of CAD, n | 7 (39%) | — | — | 4 (22%) | — | — | 4 (33%) | — | — |
| Diabetes mellitus, n | 0 (0%) | — | — | 3 (17%) | — | — | 1 (8%) | — | — |
| Fasting plasma concentrations | |||||||||
| Oestrone (ng/dL) | 10.66 ± 8.48 | 7.69 ± 5.36 | 0.095 | 3.02 ± 1.59 | 3.24 ± 1.90 | 0.930 | 7.16 ± 6.55 | 1.61 ± 1.17 | 0.025 |
| Oestradiol (ng/dL) | 37.14 ± 17.58 | 29.80 ± 14.44 | 0.125 | 17.80 ± 6.70 | 19.25 ± 6.54 | 0.238 | 31.55 ± 16.09 | 15.55 ± 0.93 | 0.019 |
| Lipid status | |||||||||
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 212 ± 48 | 213 ± 40 | 0.980 | 211 ± 57 | 214 ± 32 | 0.946 | 201 ± 19 | 204 ± 36 | 0.787 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 123 ± 47 | 128 ± 35 | 0.505 | 135 ± 27 | 136 ± 26 | 0.313 | 108 ± 17 | 116 ± 33 | 0.432 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 60 ± 17 | 56 ± 12 | 0.507 | 51 ± 8 | 51 ± 8 | 0.935 | 63 ± 11 | 64 ± 12 | 0.451 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 158 ± 76 | 142 ± 78 | 0.437 | 155 ± 107 | 127 ± 55 | 0.170 | 152 ± 59 | 119 ± 52 | 0.402 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 85 ± 9 | 84 ± 7 | 0.978 | 95 ± 23 | 92 ± 18 | 0.309 | 85 ± 25 | 87 ± 8 | 0.062 |
| MBF (mL/g/min) | |||||||||
| Rest | 0.68 ± 0.16 | 0.73 ± 0.21 | 0.286 | 0.73 ± 0.18 | 0.78 ± 0.16 | 0.779 | 0.67 ± 0.14 | 0.70 ± 0.12 | 0.429 |
| CPT | 0.91 ± 0.32 | 0.92 ± 0.26 | 0.935 | 0.89 ± 0.17 | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 0.171 | 0.92 ± 0.29 | 0.67 ± 0.12 | 0.006 |
| ΔMBF to CPT | 0.23 ± 0.22 | 0.19 ± 0.22 | 0.453 | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.05 ± 0.19 | 0.023 | 0.25 ± 0.18 | -0.03 ± 0.14 | 0.001 |
| Hyperaemia | 1.69 ± 0.28 | 1.68 ± 0.40 | 0.616 | 1.92 ± 0.41 | 1.98 ± 0.44 | 0.146 | 1.62 ± 0.32 | 1.58 ± 0.32 | 0.332 |
| MFR | 2.62 ± 0.76 | 2.49 ± 0.98 | 0.655 | 2.55 ± 0.41 | 2.60 ± 0.62 | 0.779 | 2.46 ± 0.34 | 2.30 ± 0.56 | 0.426 |
| Haemodynamics | |||||||||
| Rest-HR (b.p.m.) | 65 ± 9 | 65 ± 11 | 0.958 | 67 ± 9 | 65 ± 8 | 0.176 | 67 ± 11 | 65 ± 12 | 0.463 |
| CPT-HR (b.p.m.) | 70 ± 10 | 71 ± 11 | 0.473 | 73 ± 8 | 70 ± 8 | 0.264 | 71 ± 11 | 71 ± 15 | 0.815 |
| Hyperaemia-HR (b.p.m.) | 88 ± 12 | 92 ± 12 | 0.280 | 88 ± 10 | 93 ± 13 | 0.202 | 89 ± 16 | 93 ± 14 | 0.042 |
| Rest-SBP (mmHg) | 125 ± 19 | 125 ± 16 | 0.960 | 132 ± 17 | 130 ± 21 | 0.571 | 128 ± 21 | 127 ± 12 | 0.876 |
| CPT-SBP (mmHg) | 148 ± 23 | 152 ± 17 | 0.247 | 157 ± 26 | 155 ± 18 | 0.645 | 163 ± 26 | 166 ± 19 | 0.610 |
| Hyperaemia-SBP (mmHg) | 121 ± 15 | 119 ± 13 | 0.706 | 129 ± 20 | 129 ± 19 | 0.910 | 135 ± 21 | 127 ± 17 | 0.015 |
| Rest-RPP | 8148 ± 1777 | 8175 ± 2017 | 0.929 | 8883 ± 1717 | 8450 ± 1661 | 0.078 | 8551 ± 2126 | 8313 ± 1827 | 0.533 |
| ΔRPP to CPT | 2149 ± 1132 | 2654 ± 1099 | 0.082 | 2588 ± 1859 | 2428 ± 1028 | 0.743 | 3039 ± 1523 | 3494 ± 1180 | 0.131 |
P-values vs. corresponding baseline in each group (t-test for paired samples). Group 1: post-menopausal women (PM) with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) at baseline and follow-up (FU); group 2: PM without HRT at baseline and FU; group 3: PM with HRT at baseline but not at FU. CAD, coronary artery disease; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride. CPT, cold pressor test; MBF, myocardial blood flow; MFR; myocardial flow reserve; HR, heart rate; RPP, rate-pressure product (HR x SBP).