. 2008 Jul;25(7):719–738. doi: 10.1089/neu.2008.0586

Table 1.

Tools for Pathoanatomic and Pathophysiologic Sequelae

	Acute monitoring and diagnostic tools
Common pathoanatomic and pathophysiologic sequelae	Available	Additional validation needed
Hematoma, contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage	Imaging,^a clinical exam	Biomarkers of coagulopathy, assessment of ischemia/perfusion (Xenon CT, CT perfusion), risk for hemorrhage expansion, risk for malignant intracranial hypertension
Diffuse axonal injury	Imaging,^a clinical exam	Biomarkers, imaging (susceptibility weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging)
Intracranial hypertension	ICP monitoring, clinical exam	Non-invasive ICP monitoring
Cerebral hypoxia/ischemia^b	PET, clinical exam, Xenon CT	Continuous bedside measurements (PbtO₂, SjvO₂, near-infrared Spectroscopy, TCD), microdialysis
Cerebral swelling^c	Imaging,^a clinical exam	Continuous bedside measurements (CBF, brain compliance, tissue water content)

^{^a}

See Table 2.

^{^b}

Includes post-traumatic vasospasm.

^{^c}

Cerebral swelling due to increased blood volume or edema.

CBF, cerebral blood flow; CT, computed tomography; ICP, intracranial pressure; PET, positron emission tomography; PbtO₂, brain tissue oxygen tension; SjVO₂, jugular venous oxygen tension; TCD, transcranial Doppler.