Table 2.
Four-Part Model Regression of the Effect of Smoking on Annual Medical Expenditures
| Variable | Correlation (Standard Error) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Probability of Positive Expenditures | Probability of Positive Inpatient Expenditures | Logged Expenditures for Users of Inpatient Services | Logged Expenditures for Nonusers of Inpatient Services | |
| Intercept | 4.19 (1.62) | −1.51 (1.21) | 9.39 (0.80) | 5.41 (0.70) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmoker | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Ever smoker | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.22 (0.14) | 0.13 (0.11) | 0.05 (0.12) |
| Weight category | ||||
| Underweight | 0.06 (0.89) | 0.35 (0.56) | 0.64 (0.51) | 0.45 (0.38) |
| Normal weight | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Overweight | −0.08 (0.27) | −0.24 (0.27) | −0.16 (0.20) | −0.04 (0.16) |
| Obese | 0.28 (0.26) | 0.34 (0.26) | −0.02 (0.20) | 0.21 (0.13) |
| Missing data | −0.88 (0.48) | −1.71 (0.72) | 0.62 (0.22) | 0.79 (0.34) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 0.81 (0.24) | −0.29 (0.24) | 0.01 (0.16) | 0.33 (0.18) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black | −0.79 (0.30) | −0.34 (0.22) | −0.26 (0.16) | −0.57 (0.18) |
| Hispanic | −0.85 (0.28) | −0.08 (0.26) | −0.19 (0.13) | −0.55 (0.17) |
| Asian | −1.17 (0.54) | −0.72 (0.63) | −0.76 (0.35) | −0.85 (0.39) |
| Other | −0.96 (0.70) | −0.26 (0.59) | 0.59 (0.36) | 0.62 (0.30) |
| Age | −0.22 (0.10) | −0.04 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) |
| Age squared | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Region of residence | ||||
| Northeast | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Midwest | −0.22 (0.40) | 0.17 (0.28) | 0.23 (0.17) | 0.14 (0.25) |
| South | −0.33 (0.33) | 0.37 (0.24) | 0.10 (0.15) | 0.19 (0.20) |
| West | 0.12 (0.31) | −0.17 (0.28) | 0.20 (0.20) | 0.09 (0.21) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school diploma | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| High school diploma | 0.37 (0.22) | 0.18 (0.19) | −0.03 (0.12) | 0.15 (0.12) |
| College | 0.87 (0.65) | 0.06 (0.31) | −0.21 (0.24) | 0.03 (0.25) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Widowed | 0.44 (0.77) | 0.28 (0.48) | 0.24 (0.28) | 0.71 (0.33) |
| Divorced/separated | 1.30 (0.30) | −0.05 (0.21) | 0.07 (0.16) | 0.24 (0.13) |
| Single | 0.35 (0.22) | −0.09 (0.21) | 0.01 (0.14) | 0.19 (0.14) |
| Pregnancy | ||||
| Not pregnant | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Pregnant | 3.67 (1.09) | 3.77 (1.17) | −1.69 (0.59) | −0.64 (0.54) |
| R 2 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.17 |