Table 1.

Demographic, exposure and health outcome measures in 537 current and former lead workers. Baseline (evaluation 1) data are shown except where indicated.

	All		Males		Females
	N = 537		N = 398		N = 139		p-value*
Variables	N	%	N	%	N	%
Hypertensives	43	8.0	28	7.0	15	10.8	0.16
Diabetics	3	0.6	3	0.75	0	0	NA
Current smokers	274	51.0	273	68.6	1	0.7	<0.01
Ex-smokers	62	11.6	60	15.1	2	1.4	<0.01
Current alcohol users	334	62.2	300	75.4	34	24.5	<0.01
Analgesic users	17	3.2	6	1.5	11	7.9	<0.01
Former lead workers
Evaluation 1	69	12.9	11	2.8	58	41.7	<0.01
Evaluation 2	95	17.7	25	6.3	70	50.4	<0.01
Evaluation 3	146	27.2	63	15.8	83	59.7	<0.01
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p-value
Age, years	42.0	9.3	39.7	9.1	48.6	6.4	<0.01
Body mass index, kg/m2	23.1	3.0	22.5	2.6	24.6	3.4	<0.01
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg	76.4	11.8	76.5	11.5	76.2	12.6	0.85
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	123.4	16.9	123.0	15.4	124.4	20.6	0.47
Blood lead level, μg/dL
Evaluation 1	31.3	14.4	35.1	13.8	20.4	9.6	<0.01
Evaluation 2	32.6	15.4	36.8	14.5	20.7	10.8	<0.01
Evaluation 3	31.4	16.3	35.5	15.9	19.7	10.8	<0.01
Tibia lead, μg Pb/g bone mineral
Evaluation 1	35.0	37.8	37.6	42.2	27.6	19.3	<0.01
Evaluation 2	33.0	39.4	36.2	43.6	23.5	20.5	<0.01
Lead job duration, years	8.8	6.3	9.2	6.7	7.6	4.8	<0.01
BUN, mg/dL
Evaluation 1	14.4	3.6	14.8	3.6	13.4	3.4	<0.01
Evaluation 2	14.2	3.7	14.5	3.6	13.4	3.9	<0.01
Evaluation 3	14.2	3.8	14.7	3.6	12.9	3.8	<0.01
Serum creatinine, mg/dL
Evaluation 1	0.89	0.14	0.94	0.11	0.74	0.10	<0.01
Evaluation 2	0.88	0.14	0.92	0.12	0.75	0.12	<0.01
Evaluation 3	0.87	0.14	0.91	0.12	0.75	0.11	<0.01
Creatinine clearance, ml/min
Evaluation 1	93.2	19.8	95.5	18.8	86.5	21.0	<0.01
Evaluation 2	94.3	21.0	97.3	19.8	85.3	21.8	<0.01
Evaluation 3	95.2	21.6	98.7	21.1	84.8	17.7	<0.01

^*p-value for comparison between males and females using Chi-square or t-test, as appropriate