Table 2.
Cross-sectional studies of sleep duration and weight in adults.
| Author Country Year | Sample Size | Age Range or Mean | Population Source | Weight Measure | Sleep Measure | Potential Confounders Addressed | Pattern of Association |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gortmaker56 USA 1990 | 712 | --- | Harvard School of Public Health | Reported BMI | 1 sleep question | None | No association between SD and BMI. |
| Vioque35 Spain 2000 | 1,772 | ≥ 15 | Health and Nutritional Survey of Valencia | Measured BMI | 1 sleep question | Age, sex, smoking, SES, marital status, physical activity, TV viewing | Short SD associated with increased obesity risk. |
| Shigeta34 Japan 2001 | 453 | 53 | Hospital clinic | Measured BMI | 1 sleep question | None | Short SD associated with increased obesity risk. |
| Heslop18 UK 2002 | 6,797 | 35–64 | Work places in Scotland | Measured BMI | 1 sleep question | Age, sex | Short SD associated with higher BMI in men but not women. |
| Kripke5 USA 2002 | 1,116,936 | 33–102 | American Cancer Society volunteers | Reported BMI | 1 sleep question | Sex | Inverse linear association between SD and BMI in men, U- shaped association in women. |
| Tamakoshi19 Japan 2004 | 104,010 | 40–79 | Japan Collaborative Cohort Study | Reported BMI | 1 sleep question | Sex | Short SD associated with lower BMI. |
| Amagai20 Japan 2004 | 11,325 | 19–93 | Jichi Medical School Cohort Study | Measured BMI | Bedtime/wake-time questions | Sex | No association between SD and BMI. |
| Cournot26 France 2004 | 3,127 | 32–62 | VISAT study | Measured BMI | Bedtime/wake-time questions | Age, sex, smoking, SES, marital status, physical activity, TV viewing, shiftwork, naps, age at menarche, parity, menopause, medications | Short SD associated with higher BMI in women but not men. |
| Ohayon30 Europe 2004 | 8,091 | 55–101 | Random sampling in 7 European countries | Reported BMI | Night-time/daytime sleep questions | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, SES, physical activity, depression, anxiety, stress, medical disorders, insomnia | No association between short night-time SD and BMI but positive association between long night-time SD and underweight. |
| Taheri27 USA 2004 | 1,024 | 53 | Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study | Measured BMI | 6 day Sleep Diary | Age, sex | U-shaped association between SD and BMI. |
| Bjorkelund22 Sweden2005 | 1,462 | 38–60 | Population-based cohort of Gothenburg | Measured BMI, WHR | 1 sleep question | Sex | Inverse association between SD and both BMI and WHR. |
| Ohayon31 France 2005 | 1,026 | ≥ 60 | Population-based cohort of Paris | Reported BMI | Night-time/daytime sleep questions | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, SES, physical activity, depression, anxiety, stress, medical disorders, insomnia, sleepiness, cognition, social supports | Short night-time SD associated with increased BMI category. No association between total SD and BMI category. |
| Singh23 USA 2005 | 3,158 | 18–65 | Population-based cohort of Detroit | Reported BMI | Weekday/weekend sleep questions | Age, sex, ethnicity, alcohol, medical disorders, OSA | Short SD associated with increased obesity risk. |
| Vorona33 USA 2005 | 924 | 18–91 | 4 Primary Care Clinics | Measured BMI | Weekday/weekend sleep questions | Sex, sleep disorders | Short SD associated with increased BMI category. |
| Gottlieb21 USA 2006 | 5,910 | 40–100 | Sleep Heart Health Study | Measured BMI | Weekday/weekend sleep questions | None | U-shaped association between SD and BMI. |
| Kohatsu28 USA 2006 | 990 | 48 | Employed adults in rural Iowa | Measured BMI | 1 sleep question | Age, sex, alcohol, SES, physical activity, depression, OSA | Inverse association between SD and BMI. |
| Lauderdale32 USA 2006 | 669 | 35–49 | CARDIA Study | Measured BMI (3 y prior to sleep assessment) | 72 hr actigraphy | Age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, SES, physical activity, OSA, shiftwork, bedpartner, children | No association between SD and BMI. |
| Moreno24 Brazil 2006 | 4,878 | 40 | Male truck drivers in Sao Paulo | Measured BMI | 1 sleep question | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol, illicit drugs, medical disorders, OSA | Short SD associated with increased obesity risk. |
| Chaput29 Canada 2007 | 740 | 21–64 | Quebec Family Study | Measured BMI, WHR, skinfold thicknesses, body fat mass | 1 sleep question | Age, sex, physical activity | U-shaped association between SD and obesity risk. |
| Ko25 China 2007 | 4,793 | 17–83 | Hong Kong union members | Measured BMI, waist circumference | 1 sleep question | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol, medical disorders, work time | Inverse association between SD and both BMI and waist circumference. |
Estimates provided with 95% confidence intervals or p-values in parentheses if available. BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-hip ratio; SD: sleep duration; OR: odds ratio (unless otherwise specified, all odds ratios are for obesity; CARDIA: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; SES: socioeconomic status; TV: television; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea.