Table 3.
Intermediate and final models with HRs (95% CIs) for insulin analogues (reference group: human insulin) for all-cause mortality
| Covariates | Aspart | Lispro | Glargine |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | 0.63 (0.56–0.70) | 0.75 (0.68–0.82) | 0.68 (0.65–0.72) |
| Age, sex | 0.82 (0.74–0.91) | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.73 (070–0.77) |
| Age, sex, dose | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 0.91 (0.84–1.00) | 0.81 (0.77–0.85) |
| Age, sex, dose, oral glucose-lowering agents | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) | 0.90 (0.83–0.99) | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) |
| Age, sex, dose, oral glucose-lowering agents, hospitalisationa | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) |
| Age, sex, dose, oral glucose-lowering agents, concomitant medication | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) |
| Age, sex, dose, oral glucose-lowering agents, concomitant medication, federal state, year | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) |
| Age, sex, dose, oral glucose-lowering agents, concomitant medication, hospitalisationa | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) |
| Age, sex, dose, oral glucose-lowering agents, concomitant medication, hospitalisationa, federal state, year | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) |
| Selected covariates (main effects)b | 0.92 (0.82–1.02) | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) |
| Age, sex, dose, interaction dose × insulinc | p = 0.005e | p = 0.14e | p < 0.0001e |
| 10 IU | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 0.71 (0.66–0.75) |
| 30 IU | 0.84 (0.76–0.94) | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 0.90 (0.86–0.93) |
| 50 IU | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 1.14 (1.05–1.23) |
| Final model: selected covariates (main effects and interactions)b,c,d | p = 0.14e | p = 0.47e | p < 0.0001e |
| 10 IU | 0.91 (0.77–1.06) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.76 (0.70–0.83) |
| 30 IU | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.96 (0.90–1.01) |
| 50 IU | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) |
a‘Hospitalisation’ comprises number and duration of hospital stays
bSee ESM Table 3
cBecause of the dose-dependent effect size, the adjusted HR is shown for three dose levels
dBecause of the interaction of glargine with age, the adjusted HR refers to a fixed age of 70 years
ep value refers to a simultaneous test of main effects and all corresponding interaction effects