Table 1.

Cooling tower water chemistry and physical properties.

Chemical and physical parameters	Results
Alkalinity	465 ± 28 ppm
Conductivity	0.94 ± 0.04 mS
Total chlorine	0.17 ± 0.05 ppm
Phosphonate	8.20 ± 0.73 ppm
pH	9.0 ± 0.03
Airflow	118.5 ± 1.9 m min−1
Ca	111.5 ± 14.9 mg l−1
Mg	39.2 ± 6.5 mg l−1
P	2.68 ± 0.14 mg l−1
Si	3.65 ± 0.34 mg l−1
Cu	<0.9 × 10−3 ppm
Fe	<0.3 × 10−3 ppm

Cu and Fe concentrations were less than the detection limit.