Fig. 2.

Schematic representation of the postreceptor insulin signaling pathway and insulin-independent 5′-adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) beginning from insulin binding to its receptor to GLUT4 translocation via vesicular trafficking. Ins, insulin; IR, insulin receptor; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; P, phosphorylation; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; PTP1B, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; SHP2, SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10; PIP₂, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP₃, phosphatidylinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; PDK1, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1.