Table 2.

Neuropsychological Performances of Cognitively Normal Older Controls (NCs) and Participants with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

Domain	Variable (Range)	Test Description	NC n = 40	MCI n=40	P-Value*	d
			Mean ± Standard Deviation (Range)
Language	Boston Naming Test27 (0–60)	Assesses confrontation naming and lexical retrieval abilities	58.2 ± 1.8 (53–60)	52.9 ± 6.7 (32–60)	<.001	1.1
	Token Test28 (0–44)	Measures verbal comprehension of single and multiple step commands	43.5 ± 1.1 (39–44)	41.0 ± 3.4 (30–44)	<.001	1.0
Executive Functioning and Information Processing	Controlled Oral Word Association29,30	Assesses rapid word generation	50.9 ± 10.8 (28–71)	36.3 ± 10.9 (10–57)	<.001	1.4
	Similarities31 (0–33)	Measures verbal abstract reasoning	28.2 ± 3.0 (19–33)	22.9 ± 6.1 (0–30)	<.001	1.1
	Matrix Reasoning31 (0–26)	Assesses nonverbal abstract reasoning	17.1 ± 4.2 (8–24)	11.7 ± 5.2 (4–23)	<.001	1.2
	DKEFS Trail Making Test Part A32	Measures visual-scanning and attention abilities; higher scores indicate worse performance	41.4 ± 13.8 (21–86)	51.8 ± 31.8 (24–208)	.06	0.4
	DKEFS Trail Making Test Part B32	Assesses sequencing and mental flexibility; higher scores indicate worse performance	83.8 ± 26.9 (39–153)	164.2 ± 91.4 (75–551)	<.001	1.2
	Judgment33 (0–20)	Measures judgment pertaining to home safety, health, and medication issues	17.6 ± 1.6 (14–20)	17.1 ± 2.0 (12–20)	.27	0.3
Learning and Memory	CVLT-II Trials 1–534 (0– 80)	Assesses verbal learning abilities	52.4 ± 9.7 (32–71)	33.7 ± 10.9 (16–67)	<.001	1.8
	CVLT-II Long-Delay Free Recall34 (0–16)	Measures verbal retrieval abilities	11.9 ± 2.8 (6–16)	5.8 ± 3.3 (0–14)	<.001	2.0

^*Significance based on analysis of variance.

DKEFS = Delis Kaplan Executive Function Scale; CVLT-II = California Verbal Learning Test-II; d = effect size based on Cohen’s d.