Table 4.
Risk factors for carriage of a resistant or a non-susceptible pneumococcal strain to penicillin and to erythromycin
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |
| Penicillin resistance | ||||||
| Male gender | 0.75 | 0.49–1.15 | 0.196 | 0.76 | 0.48–1.19 | 0.244 |
| Age <3 years old | 0.79 | 0.66–0.94 | 0.009 | 0.76 | 0.70–1.06 | 0.164 |
| Sampling period* | 0.48 | 0.31–0.73 | 0.001 | 0.57 | 0.36–0.92 | 0.023 |
| Antibiotic use in the last month | 1.94 | 1.26–2.98 | 0.002 | 2.00 | 1.26–3.17 | 0.003 |
| Antibiotic use in the last trimester | 1.07 | 0.70–1.63 | 0.749 | 1.09 | 0.69–1.71 | 0.696 |
| History of acute otitis media episodes | 1.07 | 0.70–1.63 | 0.749 | 0.90 | 0.54–1.51 | 0.709 |
| History of respiratory tract infections | 0.89 | 0.50–1.58 | 0.652 | 0.96 | 0.48–1.92 | 0.928 |
| Other sibling(s) in the household <8 years old | 0.96 | 0.62–1.47 | 0.814 | 1.07 | 0.67–1.71 | 0.751 |
| Steroid use | 1.02 | 0.64–1.59 | 0.971 | 1.20 | 0.715–2.02 | 0.486 |
| Admission to the hospital in the last year | 2.40 | 0.83–6.87 | 0.159 | 2.57 | 0.72–9.18 | 0.145 |
| Prefecture of Thessaloniki** | 0.42 | 0.19–0.9 | 0.026 | 0.33 | 0.13–0.83 | 0.019 |
| Prefecture of Evia(Halkida)** | 1.11 | 0.66–0.87 | 0.685 | 0.91 | 0.43–1.94 | 0.825 |
| Prefecture of Evros(Alexandroupolis)** | 0.57 | 0.17–1.92 | 0.458 | 0.52 | 0.14–1.91 | 0.328 |
| Prefecture of Epirus(Ioannina)** | 0.49 | 0.11–2.13 | 0.564 | 0.20 | 0.01–1.30 | 0.635 |
| Prefecture of Peloponnese** | 0.98 | 0.53–1.81 | 1.000 | 1.09 | 0.52–2.29 | 0.803 |
| Prefecture of Herakleion, Crete** | 2.17 | 1.11–4.22 | 0.036 | 1.69 | 0.70–4.07 | 0.238 |
| Erythromycin resistance | ||||||
| Male gender | 1.06 | 0.78–1.45 | 0.693 | 1.00 | 0.72–1.39 | 0.958 |
| Age <3 years old | 0.82 | 0.72–0.94 | 0.005 | 0.866 | 0.74–1.00 | 0.061 |
| Sampling period* | 0.46 | 0.33–0.63 | < 0.001 | 0.52 | 0.37–0.73 | < 0.001 |
| Antibiotic use in the last month | 1.43 | 1.04–1.96 | 0.025 | 1.92 | 1.35–2.72 | < 0.001 |
| Antibiotic use in the last trimester | 1.19 | 0.87–1.63 | 0.266 | 1.30 | 0.94–1.80 | 0.112 |
| History of acute otitis media episodes | 1.39 | 1.02–1.90 | 0.034 | 1.13 | 0.78–1.64 | 0.508 |
| History of respiratory tract infections | 0.78 | 0.50–1.20 | 0.262 | 0.57 | 0.34–0.95 | 0.031 |
| Other sibling(s) in the household <8 years old | 0.93 | 0.68–1.28 | 0.686 | 0.89 | 0.63–1.26 | 0.534 |
| Steroid use | 1.33 | 0.96–1.84 | 0.081 | 1.20 | 0.81–1.77 | 0.356 |
| Admission to the hospital in the last year | 0.77 | 0.27–2.19 | 0.801 | 0.87 | 0.23–3.23 | 0.846 |
| Prefecture of Thessaloniki** | 1.06 | 0.70–1.61 | 0.752 | 0.99 | 0.56–1.75 | 0.993 |
| Prefecture of Evia(Halkida)** | 1.29 | 0.87–1.89 | 0.194 | 1.03 | 0.59–1.78 | 0.913 |
| Prefecture of Evros(Alexandroupolis)** | 0.42 | 0.17–1.03 | 0.061 | 0.50 | 0.19–1.32 | 0.165 |
| Prefecture of Epirus(Ioannina)** | 1.28 | 0.57–2.86 | 0.531 | 1.39 | 0.51–3.80 | 0.516 |
| Prefecture of Peloponnese** | 0.36 | 0.36–0.97 | 0.017 | 0.41 | 0.21–0.81 | 0.010 |
| Prefecture of Herakleion, Crete** | 4.22 | 2.24–7.98 | < 0.001 | 3.26 | 1.55–6.84 | 0.002 |
| Penicillin nonsusceptibility | ||||||
| Male gender | 0.89 | 0.79–1.47 | 0.638 | 0.89 | 0.65–1.23 | 0.499 |
| Age <3 years old | 0.78 | 0.68–0.89 | < 0.001 | 0.82 | 0.71–0.96 | 0.013 |
| Sampling period* | 0.5 | 0.37–0.69 | < 0.001 | 0.58 | 0.42–0.82 | 0.002 |
| Antibiotic use in the last month | 1.71 | 1.23–2.38 | 0.001 | 1.66 | 1.17–2.35 | 0.004 |
| Antibiotic use in the last trimester | 1.36 | 1.00–1.84 | 0.045 | 1.48 | 1.07–2.04 | 0.017 |
| History of acute otitis media episodes | 1.04 | 0.77–1.41 | 0.815 | 0.82 | 0.56–1.18 | 0.297 |
| History of respiratory tract infections | 1.06 | 0.68–1.65 | 0.825 | 1.13 | 0.68–1.89 | 0.624 |
| Other sibling(s) in the household <8 years old | 0.84 | 0.61–1.28 | 0.686 | 0.85 | 0.61–1.20 | 0.379 |
| Steroid use | 1.30 | 0.95–1.79 | 0.102 | 1.36 | 0.93–2.01 | 0.108 |
| Admission to the hospital in the last year | 1.52 | 0.59–3.91 | 0.453 | 1.97 | 0.61–6.32 | 0.251 |
| Prefecture of Thessaloniki** | 0.89 | 0.59–1.35 | 0.678 | 0.48 | 0.27–0.86 | 0.014 |
| Prefecture of Evia(Halkida)** | 1.12 | 0.76–1.64 | 0.554 | 0.73 | 0.42–1.26 | 0.265 |
| Prefecture of Evros(Alexandroupolis)** | 0.21 | 0.074–0.63 | 0.005 | 0.19 | 0.06–0.57 | 0.003 |
| Prefecture of Epirus(Ioannina)** | 0.43 | 0.16–1.16 | 0.098 | 0.17 | 0.03–0.81 | 0.026 |
| Prefecture of Peloponnese** | 0.69 | 0.43–1.10 | 0.143 | 0.70 | 0.40–1.22 | 0.215 |
| Prefecture of Herakleion, Crete** | 1.91 | 1.05–3.48 | 0.003 | 1.39 | 0.68–2.62 | 0.357 |
| Erythromycin nonsusceptibility | ||||||
| Male gender | 1.08 | 0.79–1.47 | 0.638 | 1.02 | 0.74–1.41 | 0.881 |
| Age <3 years old | 0.8 | 0.7–0.92 | 0.002 | 0.84 | 0.72–0.97 | 0.023 |
| Sampling period* | 0.46 | 0.34–0.64 | < 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.37–0.74 | < 0.001 |
| Antibiotic use in the last month | 1.81 | 1.3–2.52 | < 0.001 | 1.86 | 1.31–2.64 | < 0.001 |
| Antibiotic use in the last trimester | 1.44 | 1.05–1.97 | 0.021 | 1.32 | 0.95–1.82 | 0.091 |
| History of acute otitis media episodes | 1.44 | 1.06–1.96 | 0.019 | 1.16 | 0.80–1.67 | 0.426 |
| History of respiratory tract infections | 0.77 | 0.50–1.19 | 0.263 | 0.65 | 0.34–0.94 | 0.028 |
| Other sibling(s) in the household <8 years old | 0.97 | 0.71–1.33 | 0.873 | 0.92 | 0.65–1.30 | 0.662 |
| Steroid use | 1.26 | 0.91–1.73 | 0.610 | 1.13 | 0.77–1.67 | 0.519 |
| Admission to the hospital in the last year | 0.74 | 0.26–2.11 | 0.802 | 0.86 | 0.23–3.17 | 0.820 |
| Prefecture of Thessaloniki** | 1.02 | 0.67–1.54 | 0.916 | 0.92 | 0.52–1.62 | 0.794 |
| Prefecture of Evia(Halkida)** | 1.33 | 0.90–1.95 | 0.162 | 1.12 | 0.65–1.94 | 0.671 |
| Prefecture of Evros(Alexandroupolis)** | 0.40 | 0.16–0.99 | 0.042 | 0.46 | 0.17–1.21 | 0.120 |
| Prefecture of Epirus(Ioannina)** | 1.45 | 0.65–3.22 | 0.399 | 1.59 | 0.60–4.25 | 0.347 |
| Prefecture of Peloponnese** | 0.34 | 0.12–0.92 | 0.002 | 0.38 | 0.2–0.75 | 0.005 |
| Prefecture of Herakleion, Crete** | 4.02 | 2.13–7.58 | < 0.001 | 3.39 | 1.61–7.17 | 0.005 |
* reference category for period of sampling: February
** reference category for prefecture of sampling: Athens, prefecture of Attika