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. 2009 Jul 21;10:18. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-10-18

Table 6.

Risk factors associated with CKD.

Determinants OR
(univariate analysis)
CI 95% P OR
(multivariate analysis)
CI 95% P
CKD stage ≥ 3
HTN versus no 2.9 1.9 – 4.6 0.001 3.3 1.7 – 6.5 0.001
Pulse pressure > 60 versus < 60 mmHg 2.0 1.3–3.2 0.001 1.09 0.6 – 1.8 0.7
Age ≥ 50 versus <50 years 1.8 1.2–2.7 0.002 1.5 0.9–2.4 0.08
DM versus no 1.5 1.04–2.3 0.04 2.0 1.1–3.8 0.01
Dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1+ versus 0 2.9 1.7–5.1 < 0.0001 2.0 1.1–3.6 0.02
Herbal remedy use versus no 1.7 1.03–2.7 0.002 1.2 0.7–1.9 0.3
24 h- quantitative proteinuria (≥ 300 mg/24 h)
Pulse pressure > 60 versus < 60 mmHg 2.4 1.5–3.9 < 0.0001 1.8 1.03 – 3.2 0.03
HTN versus no 1.7 1.1–2.8 0.01 1.2 0.7 – 2.2 0.4
DM versus no 1.7 1.05–2.8 0.03 1.4 0.8–2.4 0.1

Abbreviations: CKD 3+ (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2), CKD = chronic kidney disease, CI = confidence interval, DM = diabetes, HTN= hypertension.