Table 5.
Logistic regression analysis with robust estimates of standard errors for three dimensions of perceived safety
| Variables | Structural indicators of social disorder | Contact with disorderly behaviour | Existential insecurity | |||||||
| N (%) | Exposed cases, n (%) |
Adjusted ORa | 95% CI | Exposed cases, n (%) |
Adjusted ORa | 95% CI | Exposed cases, n (%) |
Adjusted ORa | 95% CI | |
| Area-level characteristics | ||||||||||
| Total area crimeb | - | - | 1.01*** | 1.01–1.01 | - | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | - | 1.00** | 1.00–1.01 |
| Individual characteristics | ||||||||||
| Experience of crime | ||||||||||
| No (0) | 982 (89.5) | 225 (22.9) | 1 | 222 (22.6) | 1 | 218 (22.2) |
1 | |||
| Yes (1) | 115 (10.5) | 51 (44.3) |
1.61 | 0.82–3.18 | 49 (42.6) |
1.61* | 1.03–2.51 | 35 (30.4) |
1.42 | 0.85–2.37 |
| Area reputation | ||||||||||
| Good (0) | 416 (37.9) | 41 (9.9) |
1 | 39 (9.4) |
1 | 53 (12.7) |
1 | |||
| Not very good (1) |
681 (62.1) | 235 (34.5) | 2.86*** | 2.13–3.84 | 232 (34.1) | 2.91*** | 2.12–4.00 | 200 (29.4) |
2.67*** | 1.64–4.35 |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 507 (46.2) | 139 (27.4) | 1 | 131 (25.8) | 1 | 54 (10.7) |
1 | |||
| Female | 590 (53.8) | 137 (23.2) | 0.78** | 0.65–0.94 | 140 (23.7) | 0.93 | 0.79–1.10 | 199 (33.7) |
4.54*** | 3.21–6.43 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 20–34 | 214 (19.5) | 64 (29.9) |
1 | 76 (35.5) |
1 | 55 (25.7) |
1 | |||
| 35–64 | 619 (56.4) | 166 (26.8) | 1.36 | 0.96–1.92 | 153 (24.7) | 1.00 | 0.77–1.32 | 117 (18.9) |
0.80 | 0.58–1.09 |
| 65–79 | 264 (24.1) | 46 (17.4) |
0.87 | 0.51–1.47 | 42 (15.9) |
0.51*** | 0.38–0.70 | 81 (30.7) |
1.72** | 1.20–2.46 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| 1–9 years | 427 (38.9) | 97 (22.7) |
1 | 94 (22.0) |
1 | 115 (26.9) |
1 | |||
| 10–12 years | 433 (39.5) | 131 (30.3) | 1.40* | 1.01–1.94 | 129 (29.8) | 1.27 | 0.79–2.05 | 95 (21.9) |
0.95 | 0.68–1.31 |
| ≥ 12 years | 237 (21.6) | 48 (20.3) |
1.20 | 0.83–1.74 | 48 (20.3) |
1.27 | 0.69–2.34 | 43 (18.1) |
0.82 | 0.53–1.27 |
| Country of birth | ||||||||||
| Born in Sweden | 909 (82.9) | 218 (24.0) | 1 | 209 (23.0) | 1 | 204 (22.4) |
1 | |||
| Born elsewhere | 188 (17.1) | 58 (30.9) |
0.68*** | 0.55–0.84 | 62 (33.0) |
1.04 | 0.74–1.47 | 49 (26.1) |
1.02 | 0.69–1.51 |
| Household civil status | ||||||||||
| Family household | 831 (75.8) | 197 (23.7) | 1 | 168 (20.2) | 1 | 184 (22.1) |
1 | |||
| Single household | 266 (24.2) | 79 (29.7) |
0.85 | 0.61–1.20 | 103 (38.7) | 1.57*** | 1.28–1.94 | 69 (25.9) |
0.94 | 0.61–1.47 |
| Type of housing | ||||||||||
| Small house | 453 (41.3) | 52 (11.5) |
1 | 35 (7.7) |
1 | 79 (17.4) |
1 | |||
| Flat | 644 (58.7) | 224 (34.8) | 1.37* | 1.01–1.84 | 236 (36.6) | 5.58*** | 3.06–10.17 | 174 (27.0) |
0.85 | 0.59–1.23 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. *p < 0.05;**p < 0.01;***p < 0.001.
aORs are adjusted for all other variables in the table.
bTotal mean number of police-reported crimes/1000 inhabitants per year.