Table 1.
Population studies.
| Author | Date | Geographical Location | Study Design | Data Collector | Prevalence or incidence rate | Age group | Presence of heritability | Significant risk factors | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||
| Herzog EG [43] | 1951 | North England | Cross-sectional study of 1,434 manual laborers and clerks | Author | 4.25% | 4.25% | – | >40 years | – | No mention | No significant difference in prevalence of DD in manual workers (4.5%) and clerks (3.8%). |
| Gordon S [38] | 1954 | Canada | Cross-sectional study of 2,705 hospital inpatients | Author | – | 26% | 33% | 66–75 years | 66–75 years | No mention | No mention |
| Yost J [105] | 1955 | New York, USA | Cross-sectional study of 5,062 hospital inpatients | Author | 3.4% | 4.3% | 2.3% | 37–100 years | 37–100 years | One case with definite family history—early age at onset in offspring. | No significant correlation with hand trauma. |
| Hueston JT [46] | 1960 | Australia | Cross-sectional study of 3,700 people in community | Author | – | 23% | 22% | >60 years | >60 years | No mention | No mention |
| Early PF [26] | 1962 | Lancashire, UK | Cross- sectional study of 6,979 people in community. | Author | 3.5% | 3.8% | 2.3% | 15 to >75 years | 15 to >75 years | No mention | Strong association between epilepsy. No relationship between DD and manual work. |
| Mikkelson OA [74] | 1972 | Haugesund, Norway | Cross- sectional study of 16,000 inpatients | Author/Surgeon | – | 9.4% | 2.8% | >16 years 70 to 74 years = 36.8% (max prev’) | >16 years 85 to 89 years = 25% (max prev’) | No mention | No mention |
| Critchley EM [21] | 1976 | Preston, UK | Cross-sectional study of chronic epileptics | Author | 56% | 57% | 56% | 35 to >75 years | 35 to >75 years | No mention | Link to anti-convulsants to DD due to peripheral stimulation of growth factors |
| Stuhler T [24] | 1977 | Germany | Cross-sectional study of 524 epileptics | Author | 21.6% | – | – | – | – | Genetic aspect must be taken into consideration | Idiopathic epilepsy is most associated with DD |
| Ravid M [43] | 1977 | Israel | Cross-sectional study of 959 diabetics | Author | 17.6% | – | – | – | – | No mention | Increased risk of DD in older diabetic patients |
| Mackenney RP [61] | 1983 | Cotswolds and Chilterns, England | Cross- sectional study of 919 patients attending the orthopedic clinic | Surgeon | – | 5% | 3.5% | – | – | No mention | Positive correlation between stretching of palm and DD |
| Arafa M [4] | 1984 | Manchester, UK | Cross-sectional study of 392 patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) | Rheumatologist | 6.4% with RA. 16% without RA | 7.6% with RA. 16.1% without RA | 5.7% with RA. 15.9% without RA | 30 to >70 years | 30 to >70 years | Genetic factor in RA as a protective factor against DD? | No mention |
| Noble J [78] | 1984 | UK | Cross-sectional study of 273diabetic patients | Authors (physician and hand surgeon) | 18% when examined by physician, 42% when examined by hand surgeon | 25% when examined by physician, 41% when examined by hand surgeon | 13% when examined by physician, 42% when examined by hand surgeon | >16 years | >16 years | No mention | Increased risk of DD in diabetic patients |
| Egawa T [28] | 1985 | Japan | Cross sectional study of 3,383 patients attending orthopedic clinic | Author | 1.8% | – | – | 40–59 years | 40–59 years | No mention | No mention |
| Laplane D [51] | 1985 | France | Cross-sectional study of 197 epileptic patients | Author | 8% | – | – | – | – | No mention | No evidence to suggest increased risk of DD in epileptics. |
| Stewart HD [98] | 1985 | UK | Cross-sectional study of 235 patients with Colles’ fracture | Author | 6.8% | – | – | 18–86 years | 18–86 years | No mention | Mild disease in patients who developed DD after fracture. No DD progression after 20 months. |
| Patri B [82] | 1986 | France | Cross-sectional study of 155 patients | Author | 9% | - | - | 20-90 years | 20-90 years | No mention | Increased prevalence of DD with increasing age |
| Guitian AQ [42] | 1988 | Spain | Cross sectional study of 1,455 undergoing general medical examinations | Author | 9.9% | – | – | 45–54 years | 45–54 years | No mention | No mention |
| 25.5% | >75 years | >75 years | |||||||||
| Eadington DW [24] | 1989 | Edinburgh, UK | Cross-sectional study of 266 type 1 diabetic patients | Author | 24% smokers | – | – | 36–84 years | 36–84 years | No mention | Increased risk of DD in diabetics and smokers |
| Egawa T [93] | 1990 | Japan | Cross sectional study of 1,154 nursing home patients | Author | – | 19.7% | 9% | Over 60 years | Over 60 years | No mention | No mention |
| French PD [33] | 1990 | London, UK | Cross-sectional study of 50 male AIDS patients | Genito-Urinary Physician | – | 6% | – | 23–56 years | – | No mention | No significance of HIV on DD. |
| Bower M [13] | 1990 | London, UK | Cross-sectional study of 50 male HIV infected patients | Physician | – | 36% | – | 19–54 years | – | No mention | Significant impact of HIV on DD. |
| Eadington DW [25] | 1991 | Edinburgh, UK | Cross-sectional study of 200 type 2 diabetic patients | Experienced observer | 24% | – | – | 36–84 years | 36–84 years | No mention | Increased risk of DD in diabetes and in smokers |
| Thomas PR [100] | 1992 | Middlesbrough, UK | Cross-sectional study of 500 claimants with vibration white finger. | Author | 13.6% | – | – | >45 years | >45 years | No mention | Positive correlation between DD and vibration white finger. |
| Arafa M [3] | 1992 | Manchester, UK | Cross-sectional study of 484 patients in 2 epileptic centers | Author | 12% and 38% | 13% and 44% | 11% and 28% | <30 to >70 years | <30 to >70 years | No mention | Increased prevalence of DD with increasing age. No evidence to link DD and epilepsy |
| Noble J [77] | 1992 | Manchester UK | Cross-sectional study of 50 patients with liver disease | Author | 28% | – | – | <30 to 70 years | <30 to 70 years | No mention | Increased risk of DD in patients with liver disease |
| Kelly SA [47] | 1992 | Derby, UK | Cross-sectional study of 235 patients with Colles’ fracture | Author | 8.5% | – | – | 47–79 years | 47–79 years | 15% had a positive family history | 25% consumed large amounts of alcohol; 5% taking anticonvulsant |
| Lennox IAC [52] | 1993 | Aberdeen, Scotland | Cross-sectional study of 200 nursing home patients over 60 years. | Author | 30% | 39% | 21% | >60 years | >60 years | No mention | No mention |
| Bergenudd H [10] | 1993 | Malmo, Sweden | Longitudinal study of 574 people in community | Author | 6% | 10% | 2% | 55 years | 55 years | No mention | Non except poor peripheral pulses. |
| Bovenzi M [12] | 1994 | Italy | Cross-sectional study of 570 quarry drillers and stone carvers | Author | 10% | – | – | Mean age—39 years | – | No mention | Increased risk in vibration exposed manual workers |
| Renard E [88] | 1994 | France | Cross-sectional study of 120 diabetic patients | Author | 35% type 1, 30% type 2 diabetes | – | – | – | – | No mention | Increased prevalence of DD in diabetics |
| Chammas M [18] | 1995 | France | Cross-sectional study of 120 diabetic patients | Author | 35% type 1 diabetics, 28% type 2 | – | – | – | – | No mention | Increased prevalence of DD in diabetics, risk increases with longer duration of diabetes. |
| Arkilla PE [7] | 1996 | Finland | Longitudinal study of 207 type 1 diabetic patients | Author | 4% | – | – | 21–39 years | 21–39 years | No mention | DD risk increases with patients age and duration of DM. |
| Dasgupta AK [20] | 1996 | India | Cross-sectional study of manual workers | Author | 4% | – | – | >21 years | – | No mention | Vibration exposure increases risk of DD. |
| Arkilla PE [6] | 1997 | Finland | Cross-sectional study of 139 type 2 diabetic patients | Author | 14% | – | – | 49–73 years | 49–73 years | No mention | DD risk greater in diabetic patients. Prevalence equal in males and females. |
| Gudmundsson KG [41] | 1999 | Reykjavik, Iceland | Cohort study of 2,165 inpatients | Physician | 13.3% | 19.2% | 4.4% | 45–74 years | 45–74 years | No mention | Significant association between DD and manual work, smoking, fasting glucose level. |
| Gudmundsson [40] | 2000 | Reykjavik, Iceland | Cohort study of 1,297 males in the community. | Physician | – | 19.2% | – | 45–74 years | – | No mention | Negative association between DD and joint complaints. |
| Kilian O [49] | 2001 | Germany | Cross-sectional study of 172 patients with shoulder pathology | Author | 2.9% | – | – | – | – | No mention | Similar histology in DD and frozen shoulder |
| Smith SP [95] | 2001 | UK | Cross-sectional study of 58 patients with frozen shoulder | 3 surgeons | 52% | – | – | Mean 54.9 years | Mean 54.9 years | 7% of people with DD had first degree relative with DD. | Increased prevalence of DD in frozen shoulder patients |
| Omari A [79] | 2001 | UK | Cross-sectional study of 75 patients with frozen shoulder | Author | 1.3% | – | – | – | – | No mention | No mention for DD |
| Finsen V [31] | 2002 | Finnmark, Norway | Cross-sectional study 456 people in community. | Surgeon | 7.5% | 11.9% | 1.5% | >50 years | >50 years | Higher prevalence in family members in same niche | No mention |
| White HA [103] | 2003 | Wales | Observational study of 197 inpatients. | Physician | 6.6% | – | – | 19–101 years | 19–101 years | No mention | No mention |
| Ardic F [5] | 2003 | Turkey | Cross-sectional study of 78 type II diabetics | Author | 21.8% | – | – | 46–70 years | 46–70 years | No mention | Diabetes is risk factor for DD |
| Zerajic D [108] | 2004 | Bosnia | Cross-sectional study of 1,207 people in community appearing to look over 50 years. | Medical student | 25% | 31% | 16% | >50 years | >50 years | No mention | Significant higher prevalence in diabetics. |
| Geohagan JM [35] | 2004 | West Midland, UK | Cross-sectional study of 383,000 GP patients. | GP | 0.2% | 0.15% | 0.05% | 24–97 years | 24–97 years | No mention | Diabetes is a strong risk factor for DD |
| Khan AA [48] | 2004 | Oxford, UK | Review of National Morbidity Survey of 502,493 men | GP | Incidence rate 34.3 per 100,000 men | – | – | 40–84 years | – | No mention | No mention |
| Godtfredsen NS [36] | 2004 | Denmark | Cohort study of 7,254 subjects | Trained nurse/med student | 11% | 16% | 7% | 20–93 years | 20–93 years | No mention | Alcohol and smoking risk factors |
| Logan AJ [56] | 2005 | UK | Questionnaire survey of 1,100 climbers | Patient | 19.5% | 19.5% | – | 23–93 years | – | No mention | No mention |
| Burke FD [16] | 2007 | UK | Cross-sectional study of 97,537 miners | Trained doctors | 8.1% | 8.1% | – | 25–99 years | – | No mention | Increased risk of DD in diabetics and increased age |
| Lucas G [58] | 2008 | France | Cross-sectional study of 2,406 male civil servants. | Physician | – | 8.8% | – | Mean age 50.7 years | – | 20% had family history of DD | Manual work exposure appears to be associated with DD |