Table 1.
Dimensions of everyday, lifetime, and burden of discrimination among African Americans by age and sex in the Jackson Heart Study, 2000–2004
| Age | Sex | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, % |
21–34 years (n=244), % |
35–44 years (n=991), % |
45–64 years (n=2688), % |
≥65 years (n=1277), % |
χ2 P value |
Female (n=3329), % |
Male , (n=1871), % |
χ2 P value |
|
| a. Occurrence of Everyday Discrimination | |||||||||
| Treated with less courtesy | 64.8 | 70.9 | 73.8 | 68.2 | 49.6 | <.001 | 66.0 | 62.8 | .02 |
| Treated with less respect | 61.0 | 69.1 | 72.6 | 64.5 | 43.2 | <.001 | 61.2 | 60.7 | .72 |
| Poor service at restaurant | 56.5 | 67.9 | 72.4 | 61.1 | 32.4 | <.001 | 56.7 | 56.2 | .76 |
| People think you are not smart | 59.1 | 70.0 | 68.5 | 61.2 | 45.3 | <.001 | 60.3 | 57.1 | .02 |
| People are afraid of you | 39.5 | 58.0 | 52.2 | 42.1 | 20.8 | <.001 | 35.4 | 46.9 | <.001 |
| People think you are dishonest | 33.6 | 46.9 | 45.8 | 34.8 | 19.2 | <.001 | 29.8 | 40.4 | <.001 |
| People think you are not as good | 59.6 | 68.7 | 69.2 | 62.3 | 44.4 | <.001 | 58.8 | 60.9 | .13 |
| Called names or are insulted | 34.7 | 44.9 | 44.4 | 35.8 | 22.6 | <.001 | 33.0 | 37.6 | .001 |
| Threatened or harassed | 25.3 | 26.8 | 31.1 | 28.1 | 14.5 | <.001 | 23.6 | 28.2 | <.001 |
| b. Occurrence of Lifetime (Major Life) Discrimination | |||||||||
| At School (n = 2250) | 43.3 | 37.0 | 49.2 | 45.9 | 34.6 | <.001 | 43.1 | 43.8 | .65 |
| Getting a job (n = 2310) | 44.5 | 30.5 | 51.6 | 48.7 | 32.7 | <.001 | 41.6 | 49.6 | <.001 |
| At Work (n = 3336) | 64.3 | 61.3 | 69.5 | 67.5 | 54.1 | <.001 | 64.1 | 64.6 | .28 |
| Get Housing (n = 673) | 13.0 | 8.2 | 15.5 | 14.0 | 9.7 | <.001 | 11.3 | 16.0 | <.001 |
| Getting Resources (n = 1950) | 37.6 | 24.4 | 42.0 | 42.0 | 27.5 | <.001 | 33.9 | 44.3 | <.001 |
| Getting Medical Care (n = 715) | 13.8 | 4.9 | 13.1 | 14.6 | 14.1 | .004 | 15.6 | 10.6 | <.001 |
| Public Places (n = 1826) | 35.2 | 38.7 | 39.3 | 38.3 | 25.0 | <.001 | 30.7 | 43.4 | <.001 |
| Getting Services (n = 1927) | 37.2 | 32.9 | 42.4 | 38.9 | 30.3 | <.001 | 36.5 | 38.4 | .17 |
| Other Ways (n = 279) | 5.4 | 4.1 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 4.9 | .47 | 5.2 | 5.9 | .23 |
| c. Burden and Skin-Color Determinants of Lifetime (Major Life) Discrimination | |||||||||
| Discrimination was more frequent (n=520) |
10.74 | 21.8 | 14.6 | 9.0 | 9.2 | <.001 | 11.8 | 8.9 | .004 |
| Discrimination made life very stressful (n=1098) |
22.7 | 14.1 | 19.4 | 24.1 | 23.7 | <.001 | 25.0 | 18.6 | <.001 |
| Discrimination interfered w/having full life some to a lot (n = 1793) |
35.7 | 20.1 | 32.3 | 37.6 | 37.5 | <.001 | 33.3 | 40.1 | <.001 |
| Discrimination made life hard some to a lot (n = 1996) |
39.8 | 23.5 | 36.4 | 42.2 | 40.5 | <.001 | 38.2 | 42.7 | <.001 |
| Because of skin color, treatment by Whites was worse (n = 674) |
13.1 | 15.4 | 15.1 | 13.8 | 9.7 | <.001 | 11.3 | 16.3 | <.001 |
| Because of skin color, treatment by Blacks was worse (n = 733) |
14.2 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.0 | .42 | 15.1 | 12.7 | .02 |
Source: Jackson Heart Study, baseline data 2000–2004.