Table 5.
Summary table of MRI studies examining the Planum Temporale (and Heschl's gyrus) in schizophrenia
| Focus of study | References | Sample size |
Finding | Asymmetry | Sex difference | Functional correlates | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | Patients | |||||||
| Volume | Kawasaki et al. (2007) | 60 (30 M, 30 F) | 60 (30 M, 30 F) | PT reduced asymmetry due to left PT ↓ | PT L > R in controls and patients | No | Clinical variables did not correlate | |
| Cortical thickness | Qiu et al. (2007) | 20 (10M, 10F) | 20 (10M, 10F) | Anterior left PT thinner, posterior thicker | Not quantified | Not tested | No | |
| Volume | Salisbury et al. (2007) | 32 (22M, 10F) | 20 (17M, 3F) | Left HG grey matter ↓ | Grey matter L > R all subjects. Asymmetric HG reduction | Not tested | Asymmetric HG reduction correlated with MMN reduction | First episode, longitudinal |
| Volume correlates | Weinstein et al. (2007) | 0 | 12 (7M, 5F) | No comparison with controls | Only left hemisphere measured | No | PT grey matter correlated with thought disorder and fMRI activation | |
| Volume correlates | Takahashi et al. (2007) | 0 | 38 (20M, 18F) | No comparison with controls | PT and HG L > R but not statistically significant | Not tested | Correlation between untreated psychosis duration and left PT volume | |
| Volume | Yamasaki et al. (2007) | 17 | 22 | HG no change PT ↓ bilateral | PT and HG L > R but not statistically significant | All males | PT reduction correlated with delusional behaviour | |
| Volume correlates | (2007) Walder et al. (related to Goldstein et al. (2002)) | 15 (6M, 9F) | 19 (11M, 8F) | (See Goldstein et al. (2002)) | (See Goldstein et al. (2002)) | PT: L > R in males | All: left PT associated with phonology. Females: right HG associated with semantics and phonology | |
| Volume | Takahashi et al. (2006) | 72 (38M, 34F) | 65 (35M, 30F) | STG↓, HG↓, PT↓ | Controls: L > R in STG, HG, PT, Scz: PT left sided reduction | No | No | |
| Volume | Sumich et al. (2005) | 0 (no control group) | 25 | – | See functional correlates | All males | Left HG vol associated with hallucinations, Left PT associated with delusions | |
| Volume | Crespo-Facorro et al. (2004) | 30 | 30 | Right HG↓ | All groups: L > R PT and HG. Scz: Right HG↓(volume and surface area) | All males | HG↓: Longer illness duration, PT↓: positive symptoms | |
| Spatial probability | Park et al. (2004) | 21 (up to 5 female) | 17 (up to 4 female) | Greater structural variation of HG and PT in scz | No | Not tested | No | First episode |
| Volume | Yamasue et al. (2004) | 19 (13M, 6F) | 13 (7M, 6F) | Left PT↓ | Controls: no clear asymmetry, Scz: left PT↓ | Not tested | Left PT reduction associated with phonetic mismatch strength | |
| Volume | Kasai et al. (2003) | 22 (20M, 2F) | 13 (10M, 3F) | Left HG↓, left PT↓ | All groups: L > R HG, Scz: left HG↓, left PT↓ | Not tested | No | First episode, longitudinal change over time |
| Volume | Sallet et al. (2003) | 20 (12M, 8F) | 40 (24M, 16F) | No difference | No clear asymmetry | None reported | Left PT vol associated: hallucinatory behaviour, social withdrawal and stereotyped thinking. Reversed asymmetry: memory deficits and judgement of NSRS | |
| Volume | Sumich et al. (2002) | 16 | 25 | Left PT↓ | Controls: no clear asymmetry, Scz: left PT↓ | All males | No | |
| Volume | Meisenzahl et al. (2002) | 30 | 30 | No difference | All groups: L > R PT | All males | No | First episode |
| Volume | McCarley et al. (2002) | 18 (15M, 3F) | 15 (12M, 3F) | Bilateral HG↓, left PT↓ | Controls: L > R in HG, PT, Scz: PT left sided reduction | Not tested | Left post. STG↓: left temporal P300 amplitude↓ | First episode |
| Volume | Goldstein et al. (2002) | 48 (27M, 21F) | 40 (27M, 13F) | HG↓ in males, right PT↑ in females | Scz: right PT↑ in females | Controls: L > R PT. Scz: HG↓ in males, right PT↑ in females, left PT↓ in males | No | |
| Volume | Shapleske et al. (2001) | 32 | 74 | No difference | All groups: L > R PT | All males | No correlations with symptom clusters | |
| Volume | Hirayasu et al. (2000) | 22 (20M, 2F) | 20 (16M, 4F) | Bilateral HG↓, left PT↓ | All groups: L > R HG, Scz: left PT↓ | Not tested | No | First episode |
| Volume | Kwon et al. (1999) | 16 | 16 | Left PT↓ | All groups: HG no clear asymmetry, Controls: L > R PT, Scz: left PT↓ | All males | Suspiciousness/persecution correlated with left PT volume | |
| Volume | Frangou et al. (1997) | 39 (19M, 20F) | 32 (21M, 11F) | No difference | All groups: L > R PT | No | No | |
| Volume/surface area | Barta et al. (1997) (also Pearlson et al.1996) | 32 | 28 | Scz: right PT thickness↓ | No clear asymmetry | Reversed PT surface area in male and female patients | No | |
| Surface area | Kulynych et al. (1995) | 12 | 12 | No difference | All groups: L > R PT, no asymmetry HG | All males | No | |
| Surface area | Mosnik et al. (1995) | 10 | 10 | Scz: PT surface smaller | All groups: L > R PT | All males | PT asym↑: left ear advantage↑ | |
| Volume | O'Leary et al. (1995) | 10 | 10 | No difference | All groups L > R PT | PT rCBF greater individual variability during language tests | ||
| Surface area | Ward et al. (1995) | 30 | 30 | PT no difference, HG↓ | All groups: L > R | None reported | HG↓: auditory sensory memory↓ | |
| Surface area | Petty et al. (1995) | 14 (9M, 5F) | 14 (9M, 5F) | PT reversed asymmetry | Controls: PT L > R, Scz: PT R > L | No | Greater thought disorder: greater reversal of asymmetry | |
| Surface area | Shenton et al. (1995) | 15 | 15 | PT surface↑ (L > R) | All groups: PT L > R | All males | No | |
| Surface area | Rossi et al. (1994) | 23 (13M, 10F) | 22 (13M, 9F), | No difference | All groups: L > R | Not tested | PT asymmetry↓: thought disorder↑ | |
| Surface area | Kleinschmidt et al. (1994) | 26 (13M, 13F) | 26 (13M, 13F), | No difference | All groups: L > R | No | No | First episode |
| Surface area | DeLisi et al. (1994) | 40 (24M, 16F) | 85 (50M, 24F), | No difference | Diagnosis difference dependent on antero–posterior boundary | Female PT asymmetry reduced | No relationship to thought disorder or hallucinations | First episode |
| Surface area | Vladar et al. (1993) | 8 (discordant twins) | 8 (discordant twins) | No difference | All groups: L > R | Not tested | No | |
| Surface area | Rossi et al. (1992) | 12 | 20 | Scz: left PT↓, right PT↑ | Controls: PT L > R, Scz: PT R > L | No | ||
| Approximately 60% studies report volume as primary measure | Summary: | 772 (F : M ratio ∼2 : 5) | 907 (F : M ratio ∼2 : 5) | 13/29 studies report decrease of PT, 9 selective to left | 21/30 studies report L > R in controls | 3/11 studies report sex difference, most underpowered | Correlations replicated with auditory mismatch and thought disorder | First episode N = 226. 5/8 studies positive |
Studies since 1992 were identified on the basis of a PubMed search in October 2007 using the search terms ‘Planum Temporale’ and ‘schizophrenia’ or inclusion in the previous meta-analyses of Sommer et al. (2001) or Shapleske et al. (1999). 32 of 34 studies report region size; ↓ = reduction, ↑ = increase.