Table 1. Effect of specific inhibitors of various intracellular pathways on curcumin-induced apoptosis.

Treatment a	Living b	Early Apoptotic b
	mean±SD	mean±SD
Untreated	96±2	4±2
25 µM Curcumin	40±9	57±8
25 µM Curcumin+30 µM DPQ c	30±10	66±9
25 µM Curcumin	52±5	41±3
25 µM Curcumin+50 µM NPPB d	32±12**	53±9*
25 µM Curcumin	43±4	52±1
25 µM Curcumin+2.5 µM Cyclosporin A e	40±9	56±14
200 µM Cisplatin	28±6	43±7
200 µM Cisplatin+2.5 µM Cyclosporin A e	45±3**	32±2*
25 µM Curcumin	38±8	58±5
25 µM Curcumin+5 µM Myriocin f	32±2	65±4
25 µM Curcumin+5 µM Myriocinf (Pre) g	34±4	63±2
25 µM Curcumin	42±14	54±11
25 µM Curcumin+100 µM Fumonisin f	39±15	56±11
25 µM Curcumin+25 µM Fumonisin f (Pre) g	43±25	50±17
25 µM Curcumin	47±13	49±10
25 µM Curcumin+100 µM Manumycin f	47±14	49±11
25 µM Curcumin+100 µM Manumycin f (Pre) g	45±14	51±11

^aCells were treated for 24 hours as indicated and subsequently stained with Annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide and quadrant analysis after flow cytometry was performed.

^bShown are the mean % ±standard deviation (SD) from the living and early apoptotic cell fractions from 3 independent experiments.

^cDPQ was used as an inhibitor of PARP activity.

^dNPPB was used as a specific inhibitor of chloride channels.

^eCyclosporin was used as a specific-inhibitor of the PTPC.

^fInhibitors of specific steps in ceramide synthesis.

^g“pre” indicates that the inhibitor was given to the cells 24 hours prior to curcumin.

^** = p<0.01 and ^* = p<0.05.