Table 2.
Effect of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) Incidence and Change
| Estrogen trial | Estrogen plus progestin trial | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo n (%) |
Estrogen n (%) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
Odds ratio* (95% CI) |
Placebo n(%) |
Estrogen plus progestin n (%) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
Odds ratio* (95% CI) |
|
| Incident symptomatic GER (moderate or severe) | ||||||||
| No | 2205 (96.9) | 2164 (95.8) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 3957 (97.6) | 4181 (97.6) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Yes† | 71 (3.1) | 94 (4.2) | 1.35 (0.99–1.85) | 1.41 (1.02–1.95) | 96 (2.4) | 101 (2.4) | 1.00 (0.75–1.32) | 0.97 (0.73–1.30) |
| Existing symptomatic GER change (score at 1 y – score at baseline)‡ | ||||||||
| −3 | 11 (0.8) | 12 (0.9) | 15(0.9) | 6 (0.4) | ||||
| −2 | 102(7.1) | 108 (8.2) | 97(5.7) | 106 (6.2) | ||||
| −1 | 613 (30.0) | 666 (33.6) | 893 (34.4) | 974 (36.2) | ||||
| 0 | 1030 (71.8) | 927 (70.6) | 1267 (74.3) | 1320(77.0) | ||||
| 1 | 252 (17.6) | 230 (17.5) | 281 (16.5) | 247 (14.4) | ||||
| 2 | 39 (2.7) | 37 (2.8) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 46 (2.7) | 35 (2.0) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) |
Adjusted for waist circumference change at 1 year to examine the effect of hormone therapy on symptomatic GER through pathways other than the waist circumference pathway.
Among asymptomatic women at baseline, those who developed mild GER symptom at 1 year were excluded from the analysis to avoid potential misclassification.
Only women reporting heartburn symptom at baseline were Included. The ORs were derived from cumulative logistic regression models. For example, the odds of women randomly assigned to CEE is 0.89 times the odds of women randomly assigned to placebo for having worsening GER. (To avoid potential misclassification, the scores −1 and 1 were excluded from the analyses; −2 and −3 were treated equally [recoding to −1] as an improvement; and 2 [recoding to 1] as a worsening.)