Table 3.
Associations Between Obesity and Incident Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) in the Combined Estrogen and Estrogen Plus Progestin Trials
| No GER symptoms at baseline n | Incident GER n (%) | Odds ratio* (95% CI) | Odds ratio† (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight (<21) | 863 | 11 (1.3) | 0.72 (0.38–1.38) | 0.63 (0.31–1.29) |
| Normal (21 to <25) | 3389 | 60 (1.7) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Overweight (25–30) | 4300 | 120 (2.7) | 1.57 (1.15–2.15) | 1.40 (1.00–1.96) |
| Class 1 obesity (>30–35) | 2389 | 102 (4.1) | 2.38 (1.72–3.28) | 1.87 (1.31–2.67) |
| Class 2 obesity (>35–40) | 1001 | 42 (4.0) | 2.29 (1.53–3.42) | 1.69 (1.08–2.64) |
| Class 3 obesity (>40) | 486 | 25 (4.9) | 2.71 (1.68–4.37) | 1.85 (1.06–3.21) |
| P value for trend | <.0001 | .0001 | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| <70 | 941 | 15 (1.6) | 0.92 (0.52–1.63) | 0.92 (0.49–1.70) |
| 70 to <80 | 3361 | 58 (1.7) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 80 to <88 | 2831 | 75 (2.6) | 1.54(1.09–2.18) | 1.43 (0.98–2.09) |
| 88 to <98 | 2697 | 97 (3.5) | 2.10 (1.51–2.92) | 1.93 (1.34–2.76) |
| 98 to <114 | 2151 | 89 (4.0) | 2.38 (1.70–3.32) | 1.79 (1.22–2.62) |
| ≥114 | 480 | 27 (5.3) | 3.15 (1.97–5.02) | 2.11 (1.23–3.62) |
| P value for trend | <.0001 | .0001 | ||
| Waist-to-hip ratio | ||||
| <0.71 | 803 | 13 (1.6) | 0.75 (0.41–1.37) | 1.00 (0.53–1.91) |
| 0.71 to <0.77 | 2884 | 60 (2.0) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 0.77 to <0.82 | 3452 | 87 (2.5) | 1.25 (0.89–1.74) | 1.25 (0.86–1.83) |
| 0.82 to <0.87 | 2654 | 93 (3.4) | 1.75 (1.26–2.43) | 1.67 (1.15–2.42) |
| 0.87 to <0.95 | 2143 | 85 (3.8) | 2.00 (1.43–2.81) | 1.70 (1.16–2.50) |
| ≥0.95 | 510 | 22 (4.1) | 2.20 (1.34–3.62) | 1.86 (1.07–3.23) |
| P value for trend | <.0001 | .0007 |
BMI, body mass index.
*
Adjusted for age only.
†
Adjusted for age, trial assignment, race or ethnicity, education, income, smoking status, physical activity, history of gastric ulcer, gallbladder disease or gallstone.