Table 2.
Long-term Outcome Studies of Acute Kidney Injury
| Follow up, y | Mortality % | Renal Outcomes | Lost to f/u % | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source | CKD Patients Excluded from Study (threshold reported if yes) | AKI Definition* | Mean/Median | Max. | In-Hospital or 30-d | Hospital Survivors (time point reported) | CKD% | ESRD% | |
| Abosaif et al34 | No | RIFLE | … | 0.5 | 52 | 13 (0.5 yrs) | … | … | 0 |
| Ahlstrom et al35 | No | RRT | 4 | 6.4 | 41a | 70 (5 yrs) | … | … | 41 |
| Akposso et al36 | No | S Cr >1.35b | … | 12 | 40 | 77 (6 yrs) | … | … | 53 |
| Alric et al37 | No | Δ S Cr > 20% | 2.4(2) | 5 | 24a | … | 16c | … | 64 |
| Askenazi et al38 | Yes (not defined) | Δ S Cr > 0.3 | … | 5 | 29 | 20 (3-5 yrs) | 12d | 9 | 0/77e |
| Bagshaw et al30 | No | S Cr > 1.7 | … | 1 | 24 | 5.5 (1 yr) | … | … | 0 |
| Bagshaw et al39 | No | RRT | … | 1 | 59 | 27.5 (1 yr) | … | 9, 14f | 0 |
| Bahar et al40 | No | RRT | 6(3) | 13 | 80 | 41 (10 yrs) | 15g | 24 | 0 |
| Barratt et al41 | No | RRT or S Cr >6.8 | … | 5 | 75 | 56 (5 yrs) | 69h | 6 | 0 |
| Benoit et al42 | No | RRT | … | 0.5 | 62 | 24 (0.5 yrs) | … | … | 25 |
| Bhandari et al43 | Yes (not defined) | RRT or S Cr >6.8 | … | 5 | 41 | 59 (5 yrs) | … | 17 | … |
| Brivet et al44 | Creat > 3.4 mg/dl | S Cr > 3.5 or 100% | … | 0.5 | 58i | 13 (0.5 yrs) | 28j | … | 43 |
| Chertow et al45 | No | RRT | … | 1 | 70 | 19 (1 yr) | … | 33 | 2 |
| Cosentino et al46 | No | RRT | … | 1 | … | … | … | 35 | … |
| Dahlberg et al47 | No | RRT | … | 13 | 55 | 29 (3 yrs) | … | 25 | … |
| El-Shahawy et al22 | Creat > 2.0 mg/dl | Δ S Cr >1 | … | 1 | … | 46.5 (1 yr) | … | … | |
| Frost et al48 | No | RRT | … | 5 | 46a | 37 (5 yrs) | … | … | … |
| Gonwa et al49 | No | RRT | … | 1 | 6a | 7.4 (1 yr) | … | 16 | … |
| Gopal et al50 | No | S Cr >3.4 | 2.8 | 5 | 66 | 33 (2.8 yrs) | … | … | 39 |
| Gruberg et al51 | No (all pts in study with CKD; creat ≥ 1.8 mg/dl) | Δ S Cr > 25% | … | 1 | 9 | 19.2 (1 yr) | … | 18k | 0 |
| Gupta et al52 | No | Δ S Cr> 1 | 3 | … | NA | 19 (3.2 yrs) | … | … | … |
| Hamel et al23 | No | RRT | … | 0.5 | … | 73 (6 yrs) | … | … | 0 |
| Hein et al53 | No | RRT | 3 | … | 6.3 | 14 (3 yrs) | … | … | 5 |
| Jones et al54 | No | RRT | … | 0.5 | 62 | 4.5 (0.5 yrs) | … | 9 | 1 |
| Kaltenmaier et al55 | No | RRT | … | 0.5 | 44a | 42 (0.5 yrs) | … | … | … |
| Khan et al24 | Creat > 2.25 mg/dl | S Cr ≥3.4 | … | 2 | … | 69 (2 yrs) | … | … | 0 |
| Korkeila et al56 | No | RRT | … | 5 | 45 | 35 (5 yrs) | … | 15 | 0 |
| Landoni et al57 | No | RRT | 3.5 | … | 67 | 14 (3.5 yrs) | … | 9 | 5 |
| Liano et al58 | Creat > 1.4 mg/dl | S Cr >2 | 7 | 22 | 55 | 50 (10 yrs) | 19m | 2 | 5n |
| Lindsay et al25 | Creat > 1.2 | S Cr > 50% | … | 1 | … | 9.5 (1 yr) | … | … | 15 |
| Lins et al59 | Creat > 2.0 mg/dl | S Cr >2 | … | 1 | 51 | 22 (1 yr) | … | 12 | … |
| Loef et al60 | No | ↑ S Cr ≥ 25% | … | 8.3 | 15 | 16 (8.3 yrs) | … | … | 10 |
| Luckraz et al61 | No | RRT | … | 5 | 42 | 9.5 (5 yrs) | … | 5 | 1 |
| McCarthy et al62 | No | RRT | … | 1 | 68p, 48q | 35p, 43q (1 yr) | 22p, 4q | 0 | |
| Mileretal77 | No | … | … | 12.5 | 24 | 6(…) | 47r | … | 29 |
| Morgera et al64 | No | RRT | 2.5 | … | 69 | 42 (5 yrs) | 31s | 10 | 10t, 47u |
| Noble et al69 | No | RRT | 5 | 17 | 79 | 33 (N/A) | … | 9 | 7 |
| Paramesh et al29 | Yes (not defined) | RRT | 6 | … | … | 40 (1 year) | 46v | 23 | 0 |
| Rihal et al65 | No | ↑ S Cr ≥0.5 | … | 5 | 23.5 | 15.2 (5 years) | … | … | 6.5 |
| Rocha et al26 | Yes (GFR < 90) | ↑ S Cr 100% | 3(2.5) | 10 | … | 49.5 (5 years) | … | … | 0 |
| Schiffl et al66 | Creat > 1.3 mg/dl | RRT | 1 | 1 | 47 | 34 (1 year) | … | 1 | 2 |
| Soares et al67 | No | Bellomo criteria | … | 0.5 | 64 | 24 (0.5 yrs) | 26v | 8.5 | … |
| Sraer et al68 | No | ↑ S Cr 100% | 1.5 | 8 | 40 | 63 (5 years) | … | 5 | … |
| Tariq et al70 | No | S Cr > 50% | 0.5 | 0.5 | 34 | 27 (0.5 yrs) | … | … | … |
| Topkara et al27 | No | RRT | … | 7 | … | 42.2 (7 years) | … | … | … |
| Turney et al28 | Yes (not defined) | RRT/ S cr > 6.8 | … | 1 | … | 49.5 (1 year) | 8s | … | … |
| Welten et al72 | Yes (CrCl < 30) | ↓ GFR > 10% | 6(3) | 10 | 8 | 38 (10 years) | … | … | … |
| Wong et al73 | No | RRT | … | 1 | 69 | 12 (1 yr) | … | … | 7 |
Abbreviations: y, years,…, not available, RRT, renal replacement therapy, f/u, follow-up, GFR, glomerular filtration rate, S Cr, serum creatinine (in mg/dl.), CKD, chronic kidney disease, ESRD, end-stage renal disease;
Converesion factors for units: serum creatinine in mg/dL to μmol/L, x88.4, glomerular filtration rate in mL/min/1.73m2 to mL/s/1.73m2, x0.01667.
Footnotes: Bellomo criteria- Serum creatinine > 1.44 mg/dl and urea > 48 mg/dL and/or UO < 800 ml/d or UO < 200 mL/6 hours. If had CKD baseline then AKI definition is increase in serum creatinine > 0.72 mg/dL or urea > 24 mg/dL and /or UO < 800 ml/d or UO < 200 mL/6 hours.
all serum creatinine values are in mg/dl
% of deaths in 30 to 100 days
In Patients with normal baseline renal function (Δ S Cr > 50% or 0.72mg/dl in patients with baseline CKD)
creat >130 mmol/l in patients with normal baseline kidney function
creatinine clearance < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2
0% loss to follow-up for ESRD or death endpoints, 77% loss to follow-up for CKD endpoint
9% ESRD in patients with normal baseline kidney function, 14% in those with baseline CKD
“kidney function did not recover to normal”
“renal impairment necessitated continued review in a nephrology outpatient clinic”
Only in patients who had dialysis-requiring AKI
Serum creatinine > 1.7 mg/dL
Only in patients who had dialysis-requiring AKI
Serum creatinine > 1.4 mg/dl
creat > 110 mmol/l
cohort between 1977-1979
cohort between 1991-1992
“impaired renal function”
not defined
entire cohort
loss to F/U for assessment of kidney function
eGFR < 60 ml/min/m2 for at least 3 months