Table 2.

Randomised controlled trials of psychological treatments

Study	Subjects and problems	Interventions	Controls	Outcomes	Results
Rickert and Johnson 198815	33 children aged 6-54 months recruited through newspaper advertisements, with night waking	Scheduled wakes or extinction	Sleep diary only	No of night wakes per week	5 with scheduled wakes 2 with extinction 8 with controls Both interventions better than control (P<0.05)
Scott and Richards 199023	90 children aged 1-18 months referred for study, with night waking	Booklet and support visits or booklet only	Sleep diary only	No of night wakes per night	1.7 both types of intervention 1.9 with control No difference between treatment groups or control
Adams and Rickert 19898	36 children aged 18-48 months recruited through newspaper advertisements, with settling problems	Positive routines or graduated extinction	Sleep diary only	No of bedtime tantrums per week (frequency and duration)	1 per week with both interventions 3 per week with controls Both interventions better than control (P<0.001)
Pritchard and Appleton 198822	31 children aged 9-42 months referred for study, with night waking and settling	Modified extinction programme and support visits	Modified extinction programme only	No of night wakes per night	No difference between groups—both showed reduced night waking
Seymour et al 198910	45 children aged 9-60 months, attenders at family counselling agency with sleep problem	Sleep programme (behavioural advice booklet and support) or behavioural advice booklet only	Waiting list	No of night wakes per week	6.9 with sleep programme 4.9 with booklet only 11.7 with control Both interventions better than control (P<0.05)